GIS-ASSISTED REVEALING OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS IN PHYCOLOGICAL INDICES OF THE DANUBE RIVER DELTA (р. 6–13)

With the aim to predict shifts in water quality in the Danube river delta, a geographic information system (GIS) for environmental monitoring with additional functions for analyzing time-dependent series of observation results was developed. Using the developed GIS, the main trends of shifts in phycological indices of water quality for the period starting from 2005 were revealed. The topicality of these studies is dictated by the need to determine the impact of shifts in aquatic chemistry on the biotic component of the ecosystem. According to data on the Pantle-Buck saprobity index, there was a trend to improving water quality during the study period. A downward trend in species diversity was found using the Shannon diversity index calculated from the abundance of phytoplankton. The revealed trends in phycological indices were observed already in the inlet section of the Danube river delta (above Reni), i.e. they are due to factors operating outside the Danube delta. The obtained results on the trends of phycological parameters correlate with the previously obtained data of the analysis of the results of monitoring of aquatic chemistry parameters. The revealed downward trend in the saprobity index stems from a trend of improving water quality in terms of: BOD5 (correlation coefficient, R=0.68; significance level, α=6 %), phosphate phosphorus (R=0.70; α=5 %), suspended solids (R=0.80; α=2 %). The downward trend in the Shannon diversity index calculated from the abundance of phytoplankton is explained by an upward trend in manganese concentration (R=–0.75; α=3 %). The decrease in phytoplankton diversity according to the Shannon diversity index calculated from the phytoplankton abundance is explained by a sharp increase in the abundance of cyanophytes. The results obtained are of significant interest for predicting shifts in the ecological condition of the Danube river delta.

to the known method, the proposed method makes it possible to reveal the dynamics of the levels and scales of local inhomogeneities of the polluted air using only the current measurements of concentration for an arbitrary number of pollutants. It is noted that the method does not use information about the current meteorological conditions of the atmosphere and the features of urban infrastructure near a pollution control point. Therefore, the method is universal; it could be applied to arbitrary control points of atmospheric pollution across various territories of states. The efficiency of the proposed method was tested using the example of actual measurements of the concentrations of urban air pollutants involving formaldehyde, ammonia, and nitrogen dioxide. The reported results generally indicate the applicability of the proposed method. It has been experimentally established that the method makes it possible to identify, in real time, the areas of local inhomogeneities characteristic of hazardous air pollution associated with the absence of dispersion and accumulation of pollutants in the air. In addition, the method makes it possible to detect in real time both the levels and the scale of inhomogeneities in the polluted atmosphere. It has been experimentally established that before the occurrence of the tested reliable emergency in a polluted atmosphere, the level of local heterogeneity was 0.015 units at its time scale corresponding to 8 counts. Next, by the time of the emergency, the level of heterogeneity decreased to 0.0025 units at the time scale corresponding to 2 counts. It has been experimentally established that for this case the forecast time of the occurrence of an emergency was 4 counts or 24 hours.
Keywords: air pollution, structural function, detection of hazardous pollution, pollution inhomogeneity scale.  This paper reports the results of the experimental and theoretical studies of the characteristics of perforated pipelines, which are used to collect and dispose water from capacitive treatment structures of water supply and sewerage systems. The value and nature of the change in the flow rate through the perforation holes µ col lengthwise a pipeline have been examined depending on the design characteristics of the perforated pipes and parameters of a fluid flow in the pipeline. Measurements were carried out at a specially assembled experimental bench. The experiments determined the nature of changes in the flow rate value, as well as in the piezometric line along the collector. The obtained data showed that the flow rate factor µ col varies along the length of the collecting channel. Its value depends on the ratio of the velocity of the fluid jets that enter the pipe to the average velocity in the examined cross-section (U h /V). In this case, this ratio also changes along the path; it has a maximum value at the beginning of the pipe and a minimum value at its end. The variable flow rate factor of perforation holes, on the contrary, had a minimum at the beginning and a maximum at the end of the collector. The result of the analysis of initial equations and the findings based on experimental data has shown that calculations may assume, without a significant error, the flow rate factor value of perforation holes µ col to be constant lengthwise the collector. The impact of the transit flow rate on the value of this coefficient has also been estimated. It is shown that the increase in transit leads to a certain increase in the flow rate factor, which is averaged for the entire collector. The paper proposes empirical dependences that are convenient to use in order to calculate the flow rate factor, both variable and constant, for the case of the presence and absence of transit in the head drainage channel.
Keywords: variable flow rate, collecting perforated pipeline, perforation hole flow rate factor, pipe duty factor. Production of waxes from spent perlite, which is a waste of sunflower oil winterization, is studied.
Winterization is characterized by significant losses of oil with filter powders, and waste utilization is an environmental and economic problem. At the same time, winterization waste contains valuable components -wax and oil, which can be used in different ways.
The content of waxes in spent perlite using hexane (18 %), as well as the quality indicators of the obtained wax: melting point 70 °C, saponification number 115 mg KOH/g, acid number 2.6 mg KOH/g, mass fraction of moisture 0,82 % are determined.
Spent perlite was treated with a solution of sodium chloride during boiling, settling of the obtained mass, washing and drying of wax. The dependence of the yield and melting point of the extracted waxes on the processing parameters: the concentration of sodium chloride solution, temperature and duration of settling is found.
Rational conditions for spent perlite processing are determined: the concentration of sodium chloride solution -7.5 %, settling temperature -20 °C, settling duration 10 hours. The experimentally determined wax yield at this point is 14.3 %.
Quality indicators of the wax sample obtained under rational conditions are studied: melting point 68 °С, saponification number 110 mg KOH/g, acid number 2.8 mg KOH/g, mass fraction of moisture 0.85 %. These values correlate with the data for wax extracted using hexane, as well as with reference data on the quality of beeswax and sunflower wax.
The data obtained allow recycling spent perlite without organic solvents, which makes the process more environmentally The present-day problem of the accumulation of carbon waste was considered in connection with the aggravating urgency. General tendencies and approximate rational compositions of unprepared polydisperse fractions of mixtures of potential raw materials during their compaction and subsequent thermolysis have been experimentally determined. It was found that with an increase in moisture or binder content, solid carbon waste becomes more plastic and viscous (from 0.6 to 0.4), the coefficient of internal friction decreases. The effect of moisture on the coefficient of external friction is less noticeable (up to a 25 % reduction). It has been determined that preheating of the charge to 80 °C contributes to a decrease in density of the resulting briquettes (on average by 5-6 %) and leads to an increase in the coefficient of elastic expansion. Briquettes, all other things being equal, are 5-10 % stronger but a 1 % increase in strength accounts for a 2 % increase in energy costs. Upon re-compaction, a noticeable change in compression properties occurs. The briquette density increases by an average of 7 %. With a lower binder content, a 14 % increase in density was obtained. In this case, the increase in strength is directly proportional to energy consumption. An increase in binder content in briquets and their re-compaction were recommended. It has been found that with the optimized operation of the boiler plants that incinerate the briquetted waste, the coefficient of expenditure per year is 32.9 % less than the value of this index when using the equipment for recovery of unprepared waste. At the same time, the coefficient of influence on the environment over a 15-year period was 28.89 % less than the value of this index when operating similar equipment. The results obtained reasonably indicate that the optimized technology of waste briquetting and subsequent incineration is characterized by a significant increase in the environmental and economic efficiency of the waste recovery process.
Keywords: carbon waste, briquetting technology, mathematical modeling, Index-E program, environmental and economic efficiency. tion of the proposed environment zones of various levels, the fundamental possibilities are shown to achieve a decrease in the level of total specific reduced emissions approximately: up to 40-65 % of the current level within dense urban development covering large territories ("red" environment zones of level V with the maximum permissible level of reduced emissions of 251 g/km (g/tkm) and, accordingly, limiting the active operation of at least vehicles that meet the requirements of "Euro-0" and below); 4-5 times in very polluted and densely populated areas ("yellow" environment zones of level IV, with restrictions for cars with engines with positive ignition of the level "Euro-2" and below, and cars with diesel engines "Euro-4" and below ); by an order of magnitude in especially sensitive designated areas ("green" environment zones of level III with the maximum permissible level of reduced emissions of 63 g/km (g/tkm) with unlimited access for cars with engines with positive ignition of the "Euro-4" level and above, passenger cars with diesel engines of "Euro-6d" level up to 8 years, trucks and buses of "Euro-6" level up to 15 years old).
Keywords: emissions of pollutants, environmental labelling of vehicles, environment zones, environmental management. A concise analysis of global experience in the field of environmental labelling of road vehicles with an emphasis on differentiating access to low-emission zones is given. The main principles of the introduction and application of a unified system of environmental labelling of road vehicles are highlighted with an emphasis on tools to stimulate the maintenance of the environmental properties inherent in the design. On the basis of simulation, forecasts of a decrease in the average specific reduced emissions of harmful substances by a fleet of vehicles of different categories are given in accordance with different control scenarios. Through the introduc-coatings was developed. According to the experimental data and obtained dependences, it was established that the density of heat flow through a steel plate increases to a value of more than 200 kW/ m 2 , which is sufficient for ignition of timber. Instead, the density of heat flow through a vermiculite plate did not exceed 5.2 kW/m 2 , which is not enough for its ignition. It was established that the main regulator of the heat transfer process is the heat-insulating properties of a construction product, its resistance to high temperature, because certain construction products, such as an asbestos-cement product, are destroyed under the influence of magnesium flame. That is why a significant impact on the process of protection of natural combustible material when applying the protective coating is made in the direction of heat insulation of the timber surface. This makes it possible to argue about the relevance of the detected mechanism of the formation of heat-insulating properties when it comes to the protection of storage sites of explosive products and the practical attractiveness of the proposed technological solutions. Thus, the features of inhibiting the process of transferring heat to timber during the action of the magnesium flame include heat insulation of timber surfaces by thermally resistant material. Thus, the temperature of a magnesium flame was created on the vermiculate surface, and it did not exceed 100 °C on the surface of the timber.
Keywords: metal combustion, fire protection of timber, coating, thermal conductivity, surface treatment, thermophysical properties.
The conducted studies of the impact of thermal action of a high-temperature magnesium flame on construction materials for timber protection from atmospheric factors revealed a pattern of temperature transfer to timber. It was proved that depending on the thermophysical properties of the material, this can lead to its ignition or slowing down the thermal conductivity process. That is why there arises the need to study the conditions for thermal conductivity and establish the mechanism for inhibition of heat transfer to timber. In this regard, a mathematical model of the process of transferring heat flow on the surface of timber when protected by Для прогнозування зміни якості води в дельті р. Дунай створена геоінформаціна система (ГІС) екологічного моніторингу з додатковими функціями аналізу часових рядів результатів спостережень. За допомогою створеної ГІС виявлені основні тенденції зміни альгологічних показників якості води за період, починаючи з 2005 р. Актуальність проведення даних досліджень обумовлена необхідністю визначення впливу змін гідрохімічних показників на біотичну складову екосистеми.