Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.245094Keywords:
fatty waste, soapstock, soap mass, salting out, fatty acids, neutralization numberAbstract
Soapstock is a large-tonnage waste of the oil and fat industry, the disposal of which is environmentally hazardous. Processing of soapstock into industrially valuable products, in particular, fatty acids, is promising.
The method for producing fatty acids, which consists in sequential saponification of soapstock with sodium hydroxide solution, salting out with sodium chloride and decomposition with sulfuric acid solution has been investigated.
The feature of this work is the study of the effect of salting out conditions of saponified soapstock on the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids.
As an experimental sample, sunflower soapstock was used, the indicators of which correspond to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 67.3 %, fatty acids – 61.8 %, neutral fat – 5.5 %.
Soapstock was subjected to preliminary saponification under the following conditions: duration 85 min., concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 45 %. After that, the saponified mass was subjected to salting out. The obtained core soap was decomposed with the sulfuric acid solution under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min.
Rational salting out conditions were determined: duration (80 min.) and sodium chloride concentration (16%). Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 95.0 %, the neutralization number is 194.8 mg KOH/g. The resulting fatty acids comply with DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): the mass fraction of moisture and volatiles is 0.85 %, the mass fraction of total fat is 98.9 %, cleavage depth is 94.2 % oleic acid.
This method of soapstock processing increases the fatty acid yield by 3.5 % compared to the method with saponification and decomposition, by 20.3 % compared to the method of soapstock decomposition with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the neutralization number increases by 4.1 % and 8.2 %, respectively.
The improved method for fatty acids producing from soapstock provides high- quality fatty acids with increased yield.
References
- Vasylkovska, K. (2021). Tendentsiyi ta perspektyvy vyrobnytstva oliinykh kultur v Ukraini y analiz eksportu oliyi. Ahrobiznes sohodni. Available at: http://agro-business.com.ua/agro/ekonomichnyi-hektar/item/20517-tendentsii-ta-perspektyvy-vyrobnytstva-oliinykh-kultur-v-ukraini-i-analiz-eksportu-olii.html
- Krukov, A. I., Radchenko, O. V., Radchenko, O. O., Garmash, B. K., Biletska, Ye. S., Ponomarenko, R. V. et. al. (2020). Experience of developed countries in state environmental safety policy. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10 (2), 190–194. Available at: https://www.ujecology.com/articles/experience-of-developed-countries-in-environmental-safety-policy.pdf
- Instytutu ahrarnoi ekonomiky. Available at: https://latifundist.com/kompanii/1928-institut-agrarnoj-ekonomiki
- Yegorov, B., Turpurova, Т., Sharabaeva, E., Bondar, Y. (2019). Prospects of using by-products of sunflower oil production in compound feed industry. Food Science and Technology, 13 (1), 106–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.15673/fst.v13i1.1337
- Osman, A. I., Mehta, N., Elgarahy, A. M., Al-Hinai, A., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., Rooney, D. W. (2021). Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19 (6), 4075–4118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01273-0
- Hodovaniuk, A. Y. (2010). Pravovyi vplyv na vprovadzhennia malovidkhodnykh tekhnolohiy, enerhozberihaiuchoi tekhniky ta vyrobnytstvo bezpechnoi produktsiyi. Aktualni problemy polityky, 40, 583–588. Available at: http://dspace.onua.edu.ua/handle/11300/1042
- Alfa Laval. Available at: https://www.alfalaval.com/
- Bessou, C., Ferchaud, F., Gabrielle, B., Mary, B. (2011). Biofuels, greenhouse gases and climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31 (1), 1–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009039
- Demidov, I., Sytnik, N., Mazaeva, V. (2014). Sunflower and problem alternative fuel in Ukraine. Naukovo-tekhnichnyi biuleten Instytutu oliinykh kultur NAAN, 21, 137–146. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/znpiok_2014_21_22
- Barbusiński, K., Fajkis, S., Szeląg, B. (2021). Optimization of soapstock splitting process to reduce the concentration of impurities in wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280, 124459. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124459
- Laoretani, D. S., Fischer, C. D., Iribarren, O. A. (2017). Selection among alternative processes for the disposal of soapstock. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 101, 177–183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2016.10.015
- Su, E., Wei, D. (2014). Improvement in biodiesel production from soapstock oil by one-stage lipase catalyzed methanolysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 88, 60–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.041
- Poyarkova, T. N., Kudrina, G. V., Prokof’ev, Y. I. (2012). Effect of inorganic electrolytes and nonionogenic surfactants on the stability of soap stock emulsion. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 85 (4), 651–655. doi: https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427212040192
- Sytnik, N., Kunitsia, E., Mazaeva, V., Kalyna, V., Chernukha, A., Vazhynskyi, S. et. al. (2021). Rational conditions of fatty acids obtaining by soapstock treatment with sulfuric acid. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4 (6 (112)), 6–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.236984
- Chupa, J., Misner, S., Sachdev, A., Wisniewski, P., Smith, G. A., Heffner, R. (2017). Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 979–1032. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_16
- Casali, B., Brenna, E., Parmeggiani, F., Tessaro, D., Tentori, F. (2021). Enzymatic Methods for the Manipulation and Valorization of Soapstock from Vegetable Oil Refining Processes. Sustainable Chemistry, 2 (1), 74–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010006
- Shnyp, I. A., Slepneva, L. M., Kraeckaya, O. F., Zyk, N. V., Luk'yanova, R. S. (2011). Sposoby utilizacii soapstoka – tehnogennogo othoda zhiropererabatyvayuschey promyshlennosti. Vestnik Belorusskogo nacional'nogo tehnicheskogo universiteta, 2, 68–71. Available at: https://rep.bntu.by/bitstream/handle/data/1079/68-71.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Sytnik, N., Kunitsia, E., Kalyna, V., Petukhova, O., Ostapov, K., Ishchuk, V. et. al. (2021). Technology development of fatty acids obtaining from soapstok using saponification. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5 (6 (113)), 16–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.241942
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Viktoriia Kalyna, Vitalii Koshulko, Olha Ilinska, Natalia Tverdokhliebova, Oksana Tolstousova, Olga Bliznjuk, Tatiana Gavrish, Sergij Stankevych, Inna Zabrodina, Oksana Zhulinska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The consolidation and conditions for the transfer of copyright (identification of authorship) is carried out in the License Agreement. In particular, the authors reserve the right to the authorship of their manuscript and transfer the first publication of this work to the journal under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. At the same time, they have the right to conclude on their own additional agreements concerning the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal, but provided that the link to the first publication of the article in this journal is preserved.
A license agreement is a document in which the author warrants that he/she owns all copyright for the work (manuscript, article, etc.).
The authors, signing the License Agreement with TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC, have all rights to the further use of their work, provided that they link to our edition in which the work was published.
According to the terms of the License Agreement, the Publisher TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC does not take away your copyrights and receives permission from the authors to use and dissemination of the publication through the world's scientific resources (own electronic resources, scientometric databases, repositories, libraries, etc.).
In the absence of a signed License Agreement or in the absence of this agreement of identifiers allowing to identify the identity of the author, the editors have no right to work with the manuscript.
It is important to remember that there is another type of agreement between authors and publishers – when copyright is transferred from the authors to the publisher. In this case, the authors lose ownership of their work and may not use it in any way.
