Dynamic variable volume sampling method for determining mass emissions of polluting substances with exhaust gases

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.206679

Keywords:

exhaust gases, mass emissions of pollutants, constant volume sampling, CVS, variable volume sampling, VVS

Abstract

The results of the development and research of a promising full-flow dynamic method of variable volume sampling to determine in laboratory conditions the values of mass emissions of pollutants from the exhaust gases of automobile engines are presented. Emissions are determined by the test procedures for complete vehicles in driving cycles, or separately of their engines in motor test cycles.

Current mass emissions of pollutants are calculated from time-synchronized instantaneous concentrations and instantaneous flow rates of the mixture of exhaust gases and air. In the mixing chamber, which serves the exhaust gases and air, also serves calibration gas mixture with a flow rate that is changed in accordance with the periodic function. This is used to determine the transfer functions of the inverse calculation of the instantaneous flow rate of the mixture of exhaust gases and air, and the current values of the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling. Mass emissions of gaseous pollutants are calculated as the difference between the total mass emissions of pollutants and the mass emissions of pollutants that are added with the flow of the calibration gas mixture.

The performance of the dynamic full-flow variable-volume sampling method is proved by comparing the calculated (carbon balance method) and directly measured fuel consumption by cars in driving cycles. The difference between the directly measured and calculated (for certain mass emissions of pollutants) fuel consumption does not exceed±3.5 %. This is a satisfactory result, taking into account, in particular, the measurement uncertainty in the dynamics of rapidly changing concentrations of pollutants, diluted exhaust gas flow rate, fuel consumption, and the determination of carbon content in the fuel.

Fundamentally new possibilities have been obtained for measuring the mass specific emissions of pollutants by forced-ignition engines and modern diesel engines (Euro-6 environmental class) and promising low-emission vehicles.

Author Biography

Oleksiy Klimenko, State Enterprise "State Road Transport Research Institute" Peremohy ave., 57, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03113

PhD, Associate Professor, Deputy Head of Research Laboratory, Deputy Head of Scientific Centre

Research Laboratory of Fuels and the Environment

Scientific and Technological Development of Road Vehicle Testing Centre

References

  1. Regulation No 83 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the emission of pollutants according to engine fuel requirements. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/2f8f0ce5-66fb-4a38-ae68-558ae1b04a5f/language-en
  2. Regulation No 49 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) – Uniform provisions concerning the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from positive-ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/66ec5274-2853-460a-9620-0d43f389e820/language-en
  3. Regulation No 96 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of compression ignition (C.I.) engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors and in non-road mobile machinery with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A42014X0322%2801%29
  4. UN/ECE Regulation No. 40. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor cycles equipped with a positive-ignition engine with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants by the engine. Available at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r040e.pdf
  5. UN/ECE Regulation No. 47. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of mopeds equipped with a positive-ignition engine with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants by the engine. Available at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r047e.pdf
  6. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 40: Protection of Environment is the section of the CFR that deals with EPA's mission of protecting human health and the environment. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/regulations
  7. Global Technical Regulation No. 2. Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles equipped with a positive or compression ignition engine with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants, CO2 emissions and fuel consumption. ECE/TRANS/180/Add.2. Available at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29registry/ECE-TRANS-180a2e.pdf
  8. Global Technical Regulation No. 4. Test procedure for compression-ignition (C.I.) engines and positive-ignition (P.I.) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of pollutants. ECE/TRANS/180/Add.4. Available at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29registry/ECE-TRANS-180a4e.pdf
  9. Global Technical Regulation No. 11. Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and from non-road mobile machinery. ECE/TRANS/180/Add.11. Available at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29registry/ECE-TRANS-180a11e.pdf
  10. Global Technical Regulation No. 15. Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure. ECE/TRANS/180/Add.15. Available at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29r-1998agr-rules/ECE-TRANS-180a15e.pdf
  11. Kreh, A., Hinner, B., Pelka, R. (2014). Exhaust-gas measuring techniques. Diesel Engine Management, 352–359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03981-3_27
  12. Paulweber, M., Lebert, K. (2016). Powertrain instrumentation and test systems: Development - Hybridization - Electrification. Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32135-6
  13. Lewis, G. W. (1992). Pat. No. US 005337595 A. Subsonic venturi proportional and isokinetic sampling methods and apparatus. declareted: 18.03.1992; published: 16.08.1994. Available at: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/8e/ed/3f/37e07a773a54f3/US5337595.pdf
  14. Schmidt, R. (2004). Pat. No. US 007021130 B2. Method and device for the measurement of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines. declareted: 06.05.2004; published: 04.04.2006. Available at: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e1/b6/ed/7cc7e01501af3e/US7021130.pdf
  15. Ohtsuki, S., Inoue, K., Yamagishi, Y., Namiyama, K. (2002). Studies on Emission Measurement Techniques for Super-Ultra Low Emission Vehicles. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2709
  16. Aakko-Saksa, P., Roslund, P., Koponen, P. (2017). Development and validation of comprehensive emission measurement methods for alternative fuels at VTT. Available at: https://www.vttresearch.com/sites/default/files/julkaisut/muut/2016/VTT-R-04494-16.pdf
  17. Kumagai, T. (2014). Improving the accuracy of Fuel Consumption Measurement in CVS system. Horiba Technical Reports. English Edition No. 42. Available at: https://static.horiba.com/fileadmin/Horiba/Company/About_HORIBA/Readout/R42E/R42E_11_070_01.pdf
  18. Joumard, R., Andre, M., Laurikko, J., Le Anh, T., Geivanidis, S., Samaras, Z. et al. (2013). Accuracy of exhaust emissions measurements on vehicle bench - Artemis deliverable 2. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00916958/document
  19. Velosa, J. (1993). Error Analysis of the Vehicle Exhaust Emission Measurement System. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/930393
  20. Otsuki, Y. (2013). Emissions and Fuel Economy Measurement System Using Intermittent Sampling CVS for PHEV. Horiba Technical Reports. English Edition No. 41. Available at: https://static.horiba.com/fileadmin/Horiba/Company/About_HORIBA/Readout/R41E/R41E_10_044_01.pdf
  21. Le Anh, T., Hausberger, S., Zallinger, M. (2006). Correction for accurate instantaneous emission measurements of passenger cars. Air Pollution XIV. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/air06070
  22. Bannister, C. D., Wallace, F., Hawley, J. G., Brace, C. J. (2007). Predicting instantaneous exhaust flowrates in a constant volume sampling system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 221 (12), 1585–1598. doi: https://doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto470
  23. Garcia, V. F. (2014). Evaluation and improvement of road vehicle pollutant emission factors based on instantaneous emissions data processing. Ispra.
  24. Pakko, J. D. (2009). Reconstruction of Time-Resolved Vehicle Emissions Measurements by Deconvolution. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 2 (1), 697–707. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1513
  25. Redziuk, A. M., Klymenko, O. A., Kudrenko, O. V. (2012). Shchodo vyznachennia masovykh vykydiv zabrudniuiuchykh rechovyn dvyhunamy kolisnykh transportnykh zasobiv. Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrainy, 4, 2–7. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/au_2012_4_3
  26. Klymenko, O. A., Redziuk, A. M., Kudrenko, O. V., Rychok, S. O., Hora, M. D. (2012). Doslidzhennia ta stvorennia perspektyvnoi systemy dlia vyznachennia masovykh vykydiv zabrudniuiuchykh rechovyn u vidpratsovanykh hazakh dvyhuniv. Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrainy, 5, 2–8.
  27. Zvit z NDDKR «Rozroblennia tekhnolohiyi vyznachennia masovykh vykydiv zabrudniuiuchykh rechovyn kolisnymy transportnymy zasobamy na osnovi metodu vidboru prob postiinoho obiemu (CVS – metodu)». No. derzhavnoi reiestratsiyi 0112U006924.
  28. Klymenko, O. A., Redziuk, A. M. (2019). Pat. No. 120491 UA. Sposib vyznachennia masovykh vykydiv zabrudniuvalnykh rechovyn z vidpratsovanymy hazamy dvyhuniv. No. a201904160; declareted: 18.04.2019; published: 10.12.2019, Bul. No. 23. Available at: https://base.uipv.org/searchInv/search.php?action=viewdetails&IdClaim=263908
  29. Klymenko, O., Ustymenko, V., Kolobov, K., Rychok, S., Gora, M., Naumenko, N. (2019). Analysis of the studies results of emissions of pollutants by used cars imported into Ukraine from the USA. Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, 1 (257), 2–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-1-257-2-11
  30. Klymenko, O., Ustymenko, V., Kolobov, K., Rychok, S., Hora, M., Naumenko, N. (2019). Analysis of Emissions in the European Driving Cycle of Used Light-Duty Vehicles Imported to Europe from North America. SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy, 1 (1). doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/13-01-01-0001

Downloads

Published

2020-06-30

How to Cite

Klimenko, O. (2020). Dynamic variable volume sampling method for determining mass emissions of polluting substances with exhaust gases. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3(10 (105), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.206679