functional status of rowers on kayaks in the process of preliminary selection

Purpose: conduct a comprehensive study of the functional status of athletes specializing in rowing, for the subsequent determination of the prospects in this sport. Material & Methods: students of various sports schools in the age group of 13–14 years were examined, young men – 23 people, girls – 28 people, a total of 51 athletes’. Individual indicators were determined by the method of measuring the effect of the training action developed by us, and visual-motor and auditory-motor reactions, the level of musculo-articular sensitivity and coordination of movements, the power of forced inspiration and exhalation were measured. Results: the conducted studies characterize the functional state and functional capabilities of the body of athletes. The optimal structure of sports activities contributes to their improvement, which, based on the laws of development of physical qualities, in this age period, can not significantly affect the level of sports results, but it has a great impact on the emergence of a corresponding functional basis and maximum realization of individual abilities. Features of the reaction of the body of athletes are a manifestation of effective individual adaptation to intense and complex stimuli of training and competitive activity. Conclusions: proposed tests for measuring the effect of the training action, electromyoreflexometry, pneumotachometry and reverse dynamometry are quite informative in sports practice and allow you to determine and evaluate the individual prerequisites for sports achievements, to identify the individual characteristics of the athlete’s body, the possibility of correcting them and managing the training process.


introduction
The system of training of athletes is determined by the complexity, dynamism, multiplicity, constant increase in the number of essential elements that determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a specially organized process of education, training, development, enhance the functional capabilities of an athlete [1; 2].
At the preliminary stage of many years of training, it is revealed that a student chooses to practice a certain kind of sport, taking into account his morphofunctional and psychophysiological features. One of the main points that determine future sporting success is age, in rowing on kayaks -13-16 years old is considered the most favorable for the start of regular training [3; 4].
The functional state of the athlete's body is characterized as a system of coordinated sustainable functioning of integrative physiological mechanisms that ensure the constancy of various physiological constants, as well as the adaptation of all body systems to intense physical and psycho-emotional specific effects. The functional state is a dynamic concept, constantly changing under the influence of internal and external factors, including intense physical and psycho-emotional stress [4; 5].
Each physical quality is based on certain functional capabili-ties of the organism, which are based on specific functional processes and physiological mechanisms for their improvement. Functional preparedness, functional capabilities are determined by the state and capabilities of the vegetative components of the response to stress, the improvement of energy supply mechanisms, aerobic performance, which is an integral indicator of the functions of the respiratory system, which characterizes oxidative processes [6][7][8].
The physiological basis of the steady state of the body of athletes is determined by the level of development of the functions necessary for this type of sports activity, their combination and interdependence, specificity for each sport and even for a particular specialization in a particular sport (role, distance, etc.) that characterize the effectiveness competitive activity [9; 10].
Functional training in sports increases the functionality that allows, without harm to health, to transfer increased amounts of training and competitive loads, while achieving high sportsmanship. According to the structure of functional preparedness of athletes in a particular sport, it is necessary to purposefully develop relevant, limiting and determining, in this sport, components, physiological mechanisms and functional properties [2; 5].
Functional training is a systematic, multifactorial process of managing the individual biological reserves of the human body using various means and methods of physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation. The basis of increasing the functional capabilities are the development processes of the organism adaptation to physical loads and the mobilization of functional reserves [3; 9]. purpose of the study: conduct a comprehensive study of the functional status of athletes specializing in rowing, for the subsequent determination of the prospects in this sport.

Material and Methods of the research
Surveyed students of sports schools and the Higher School of Physical Education, specializing in rowing. Individual indicators were determined in the age group: 13-14 years old, young men -23 people, girls -28 people, in total -51 athletes.
The study of the functional state included a test measuring the effect of a training action (META), created on the basis of a tapping test, which allows determining the complex of kinematic characteristics of movements in an autonomous mode. This technique allows you to study the pace of movements and their accuracy by the sum of points gained, as well as the accuracy of a single movement. The study of movements performed with maximum speed and accuracy was considered in different conditions, successively in three time periods: for 15 s, 60 s and 15 s. Such a statement of the problem provided an objective determination of the pace and accuracy of movements in various conditions: with an optimal functional state in the first period of time, in the process of long work in the second, after a long and maximum pace of work movements in the third period. A detailed methodology for studying the effect of a coaching action has been published in Slobozans`kij naukovo-sportivnij visnik, 2015, No. 4 (48), pp. 19-25 [11].
Determination of latent periods of visual-motor and auditorymotor reactions was carried out using an electromyoreflex-ometer (EMR) using a standard technique that reflects the characteristics of receptor perception, the nervous and muscular systems.
The level of muscular-articular sensitivity and coordination of movements, as well as the diagnostic capabilities of the principle of repeated reproduction of a given load were studied by the method of reverse dynamometry (DM rev ), which was modified and adapted for the purposes of our study.
Measurement of the power of forced inspiration and expiration was carried out using a pneumotachometer (PT). Estimated air velocity in l s -1 with the maximum fixed inspiration and expiration.
The results of observations were processed by methods of variation statistics.

results of the research
The results of a survey of 13-14-year-old boy's trainings on rowing are presented in Table 1.
Accuracy of movements in the first period on the maximum and minimum values was less than the average, respectively, by 0,37 points (4,79%) and 0,48 points (6,31%); in the second period, with the maximum rates and the sum of points, the accuracy was less than the average by 0,07 points (0,93%), that is, it did not change, with the minimum -the accuracy was noted more than the average values by 0,22 points (2,88%); in the third period, according to the maximum results, the accuracy of one strike was virtually the same with the average value, the difference was 0,03 points (0,39%), the minimummore than the average by 0,45 points (5,93%).
Athletes aged 13-14 years showed a high starting speed, the ability to maintain distance speed, good speed endurance.
Features of the reaction of the body of athletes are a manifestation of effective individual adaptation to intense and complex stimuli of training and competitive activity.
The results of testing the functional state of athletes aged 13-14 are presented in Table 2. In the first period of the test, the measurement of the effect of the training effect averages were as follows: the pace of 28±1,24 beats, maximum -32 hits, minimum -23 hits; the sum is 227±1,47 points, the maximum is 248 points, the minimum is 179 points, the accuracy is 8,11 points; at the maximum rate and the amount of points -accuracy of 7,75 points, minimum -7,78 points, respectively, an increase in the rate of 5 hits (21,74%) and 1,8 hits (5,66%), the sum of 30 points (16,76%) and 25,5 points (13,89%), accuracy decreased by 0,32 points (4,29%) and increased by 0,54 points (7,81%).
By the sum of three periods and average indices, the pace was higher than in the first period by 2,37 hits (8,46%), less than in the second and third, respectively, by 0,13 hits (0,43%) and 1,83 hits (6,03%); the amount is more than in the first period by 8,8 points (3,88%), less than in the second and third by 1 point (0,42%) and 5,2 points (2,21%), accuracy is less than the first -by 0,34 points (4,38%), more than in the second and third periods by 0,01 points (0,13%) and 0.29 points (3,88%). In terms of maximum values, the pace and the sum of points is higher than in the first period by 3,33 hits (10,41%) and 22 points (8,87%), actually the same pace with the second pe-riod and less than the sum by 5,8 points (2,15%), reduction of pace in relation to the third period by 2,67 hits (7,56%), the sum of points is the same, accuracy is less than in the first and second by 0,11 points (1,44%) and 0,13 points (1,71%), higher than the third by 0,56 points (7,91%). In terms of minimum indicators, the pace and the sum of points is higher than in the first period by 3,17 hits (13,78%) and by 8 points (4,47%), with the second period practically the same, less than in the third one by 1,83 hits (6,99%) and the amount of 22 points (11,76%), accuracy less than in the first and third periods by 0,63 points (8,81%) and 0,31 points (4,34 %), more than in the second by 0,23 points (3,32%).
The difference from the average values in the sum of the maximum and minimum indicators for pace was observed in the first period -36,03%, in the second -31,48%, in the third -33,01%, in total -32,38%; on the sum of points is identical -36,07%; 45,52%; 26,43%; 40,60%, according to the accuracy of one movement, respectively -8,89%; 12,27%; 5,92%; 10,39%. With a high pace and sum of points, the accuracy of one movement is less than the average results, but not significantly, with minimal indicators -the accuracy of movements was determined practically at the level, as with a large pace and sum of points.
In determining the functional state of athletes, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the level of development of various physical qualities, coordination abilities, properties of higher nervous activity, the state of the respiratory system, etc., which allow you to purposefully choose sports specialization. Insufficient optimal combination of some factors can be compensated by others, but only some indicators that determine the prerequisites for practicing this sport, which probably cannot be compensated for at all, are of prime importance.

conclusions / discussion
Functional preparedness of athletes is a basic, complex, multicomponent property of the organism, the essence of which is the level of improvement of physiological mechanisms, their willingness to provide at the moment the manifestation of all the necessary sports qualities that determine the muscle performance of a specific motor act.
The study of the mechanisms of functional preparedness, the qualities and properties of its characterizing makes it possible to carry out diagnostics of the level of special preparedness of an athlete, to identify weak and strong links. This, in turn, will be the basis of an objective control system for the actual individualization of the training process and the definition of the functional limit for its intensification, which will help in solving a number of problems of modern sports training -increasing the speed and quality of management of the adaptation process, objectification of sports selection, orientation and specialization athletes.
Studying the structure of athletes 'preparedness, the relationship of individual factors causing an effective competitive activity, identifying the contradictory relationships between the individual components of athletic abilities in various sports are the basis for optimizing the athletes' individual improvement, the system of sports selection and planning the training process.
For a qualitative determination of physical abilities and sports orientation, it is necessary to study the individual characteristics of trainees, especially at the stage of preliminary selection at 13-14 years, since at this age it is possible to identify shortcomings in physical and functional development and promptly correct them with appropriate psychophysiological and training effects.
Improvement of all components of the training activity, taking into account the age characteristics of athletes, as well as the patterns of development of motor skills, probably do not significantly affect the level of athletic performance, but they have a great impact on the body and the emergence of a corresponding functional basis, especially in the early age periods of maximum realization of individual abilities.
It is necessary to systematically form knowledge based on modern ideas of the scientific and methodological basis for the development of physical abilities, diagnostics and management of the functional state of athletes to achieve the highest sports result.
The proposed tests -measurement of the effect of the training action, electromyoreflexometry, pneumotachometry, and reverse dynamometry -are sufficiently informative, which makes it possible to determine and evaluate the individual prerequisites for sporting achievements.
The change in the number of movements during the first period of time marks the high mobility of the nervous processes, the second -balance, the third -strength and summarilythe state of the nervous system as a whole, which allows the coach to objectively evaluate the physiological processes occurring in the body and purposefully manage the training and competitive activity .
Sensomotor reactions characterize one of the most important indicators of higher nervous activity -the mobility of nervous processes. Measuring the amount of air during inhalation and exhalation allows you to indirectly determine the ability of the respiratory muscles to work hard, which during regular sports activities can increase significantly. The study of musculararticular sensitivity and coordination of movements shows the possibility of developing the skill of reproducing a given physical activity. The studied parameters of the functional state can identify the individual characteristics of the athlete's body, the possibility of their correction and control of the training process.
prospects for further research. Comprehensive examinations of the psychophysiological and functional characteristics of the body of athletes-rowers will allow the creation of methods for assessing the prospect of athletes in their chosen sport.
conflict of interests. The authors declare that no conflict of interest. financing sources. This article didn't get the financial support from the state, public or commercial organization.