The relationship between depressive disorders and the state of cognitive function in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background. Depression is a risk factor of diabetes mellitus (DM) and negatively affects its course with an increased risk of complications. The aim of the study was to assess the state of cognitive function in elderly patients with type 2 DM (DM2) with and without depression. Materials and methods. 115 patients with DM2 were examined, including 78 women and 37 men. Patients were divided into 2 groups, with and without depressive disorders. Assessment of depressive symptoms was performed using self-questionnaire of depression (CES-D). Evaluation of cognitive manifestations was carried out in the morning with the following methods: “the 5 words” test, the Mini-Mental State Examination, Frontal Assessment Battery, clock drawing test. Results. In 68.7 % of elderly patients with DM2, we have not found depressive disorders according to CES-D, mild manifestations were observed in 17.4 % of patients, moderate — in 10.4 % and 3.5 % of patients had severe symptoms of depression. Persons with depressive disorders had a significant decline in cognitive function. In patients with DM with moderate to severe symptoms of depression, the state of cognitive function was significantly worse compared with patients, who have mild symptoms of depression or no depression. Conclusions. All patients with DM2 should be screened for the presence of depressive disorders in order to prevent violations of cognitive functions.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our edition uses the copyright terms of Creative Commons for open access journals.
Authors, who are published in this journal, agree with the following terms:
- The authors retain rights for authorship of their article and grant to the edition the right of first publication of the article on a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to freely distribute the published article, with the obligatory reference to the authors of original works and original publication in this journal.
- Directing the article for the publication to the editorial board (publisher), the author agrees with transmitting of rights for the protection and using the article, including parts of the article, which are protected by the copyrights, such as the author’s photo, pictures, charts, tables, etc., including the reproduction in the media and the Internet; for distributing; for the translation of the manuscript in all languages; for export and import of the publications copies of the writers’ article to spread, bringing to the general information.
- The rights mentioned above authors transfer to the edition (publisher) for the unlimited period of validity and on the territory of all countries of the world.
- The authors guarantee that they have exclusive rights for using of the article, which they have sent to the edition (publisher). The edition (the publisher) is not responsible for the violation of given guarantees by the authors to the third parties.
- The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive distribution of their article in the form in which it had been published in the journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal is included.
- The policy of the journal permits and encourages the publication of the article in the Internet (in institutional repository or on a personal website) by the authors, because it contributes to productive scientific discussion and a positive effect on efficiency and dynamics of the citation of the article.
References
Trief PM. Depression in Elderly Diabetes Patients. Diabetes Spectrum. 2007;20(2):71-5. doi: 10.2337/diaspect.20.2.71.
Kanaya AM, Barrett-Connor E, Gildengorin G, Yaffe K. Change in cognitive function by glucose tolerance status in older adults: a 4-year prospective study of the Rancho Bernardo study cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(12):1327-33. PMID:15226167. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.12.1327.
Bruce DG, Casey GP, Grange V, Clarnette RC, Almeida OP, Foster JK, Ives FJ, Davis TM; Fremantle Cognitionin Diabetes Study. Cognitive impairment, physical disability, and depressive symptoms in older diabetes patients: the Fremantle Cognition in Diabetes Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;61(1):59-67. PMID: 12849924.
Lin EH, Von Korff MV, Alonso J, et al. Mental disorders among persons with diabetes — results from the World Mental Health Surveys. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65(6):571-80. PMID: 19027447. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.007.
Fischer L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Glasgow R, Masharani U. A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008;25(9):1096-101. PMID: 19183314. doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02533.x.
De Groot M, Jacobson AM, Samson JA, Welch G. Glycemic control and major depression in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46(5):425-35. PMID: 10404477.
Andreoulakis E, Hyphantis T, Kandylis D, Iacovides A. Depression in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review. Hippokratia. 2012;16(3):205-14. PMID: 23935284.
Egede LE, Zheng D. Independent factors associated with major depressive disorder in a national sample of individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(1):104-11. PMID: 12502665.
Papelbaum M, Moreira RO, Countinho W, et al. Depression, glycemic control and type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2011;3(1):26. PMID: 21978660. doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-26.
Dirmaier J, Watzke B, Koch U, et al. Diabetes in primary care: prospective associations between depression, nonadherence and glycemic control. Psychother Psychosom. 2010;79(3):172-8. PMID: 20234147. doi: 10.1159/000296135.