Diagnostics of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Literature Review and Own Data)
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article studies the indicators of renal tests in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is found that NAFLD in patients with DM type 2 potentiates the development of diabetic nephropathy. Patients with DM type 2 and NAFLD have enhancement of tubular reabsorption, resulting from the violations in vasoconstriction/vasodilatation ratio. Urine creatinine can be considered a stable indicator of liver function test parameters and an early marker for progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 DM and NAFLD.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our edition uses the copyright terms of Creative Commons for open access journals.
Authors, who are published in this journal, agree with the following terms:
- The authors retain rights for authorship of their article and grant to the edition the right of first publication of the article on a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to freely distribute the published article, with the obligatory reference to the authors of original works and original publication in this journal.
- Directing the article for the publication to the editorial board (publisher), the author agrees with transmitting of rights for the protection and using the article, including parts of the article, which are protected by the copyrights, such as the author’s photo, pictures, charts, tables, etc., including the reproduction in the media and the Internet; for distributing; for the translation of the manuscript in all languages; for export and import of the publications copies of the writers’ article to spread, bringing to the general information.
- The rights mentioned above authors transfer to the edition (publisher) for the unlimited period of validity and on the territory of all countries of the world.
- The authors guarantee that they have exclusive rights for using of the article, which they have sent to the edition (publisher). The edition (the publisher) is not responsible for the violation of given guarantees by the authors to the third parties.
- The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive distribution of their article in the form in which it had been published in the journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal is included.
- The policy of the journal permits and encourages the publication of the article in the Internet (in institutional repository or on a personal website) by the authors, because it contributes to productive scientific discussion and a positive effect on efficiency and dynamics of the citation of the article.
References
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd 2015 [Text] / American Diabetes Association (ADA) // Diabetes Care. — 2015. — Vol. 38, Suppl. 1. — P. S.1-S.2.
Диабетическая нефропатия: достижения в диагностике, профилактике и лечении [Текст] / М.В. Шестакова, Л.А. Чугунова, М.Ш. Шамхалова [и др.] // Сахарный диабет. — 2005. — № 3. — С. 22-25.
Граніна О.В. Ефективність застосування коригуючої терапії при цукровому діабеті 2-го типу з метаболічним синдромом та нефропатією / О.В. Граніна // Міжнародний ендокринологічний журнал. — 2012. — № 5. — С. 10-12.
Diagnostic value of the combined measurement of serum hcy, serum cys C, and urinary microalbumin in type 2 diabetes mellitus with early complicating diabetic nephropathy [Text] / T. Wang, Q. Wang, Z. Wang [et al.] // ISRN Endocrinol. — 2013. — Vol. 2013. — P. 407-452.
Levin A. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal insufficiency [Text] / A. Levin, R.N. Foley // Am. J. Kidney Dis. — 2000. — Vol. 36(3). — P. 24-30.
Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention [Text] / M.J. Sarnak, A.S. Levey, A.C. Schoolwerth [et al.] // Hypertension. — 2003. — Vol. 42(5). — P. 1050-1065.
Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review [Text] / M. Tonelli, N. Wiebe, B. Culleton [et al.] // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. — 2006. — Vol. 17(7). — P. 2034-2047.
Тронько М.Д. Основні показники діяльності ендокринологічної служби України за 2003 р. [Текст] / М.Д. Тронько. — К., 2004. — 32 с.
Тронько М.Д. Довідник основних показників діяльності ендокринологічної служби України за 2013 р. [Текст] / М.Д. Тронько // Ендокринологія. — 2014. — Т. 19, № 1. — 40 с.
Foley R.N. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease [Text] / R.N. Foley, P.S. Parfrey, M.J. Sarnak // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. — 1998. — Vol. 9(12). — P. 16-23.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Chapter 14: Kidney damage [Text] // Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes. — 2005. — P. 54-58.
American Diabetes Assotiation (ADA) Position Statement. Standarts of medical care in diabetes [Text] // Diabetes Care. — 2007. — Vol. 30. — P. 19-21.
Abdelhafiz A.H. Microalbuminuria: marker or maker of cardiovascular disease [Text] / A.H. Abdelhafiz, S. Ahmed, M. El Nahas // Nephron. Exp. Nephrol. — 2011. — Vol. 119(1). — P. 6-10.
Carotid stiffness and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes [Text] / W.W. Zhan, Y.H. Chen, Y.F. Zhang [et al.] // Endocrine. — 2009. — Vol. 35(3). — P. 409-413.
Usefulness of microalbuminuria in predicting cardiovascular mortality in treated hypertensive men with and without diabetes mellitus. Risk Factor Intervention Study Group [Text] / S. Agewall, J. Wikstrand, S. Ljungman [et al.] // Am. J. Cardiol. — 1997. — Vol. 80(2). — P. 164-169.
Themeli Y. Диабетическая нефропатия и «немая» ишемия миокарда у больных с бессимптомным сахарным диабетом 2-го типа / Y. Themeli, F. Agaci, V. Bajrami et al. // Міжнародний ендокринологічний журнал. — 2012. — № 8. — С. 16-24.
Glycemic control and all-cause mortality risk in type 1 diabetes patients: the EURODIAB prospective complications study [Text] / D.A. Schoenaker, D. Simon, N. Chaturvedi [et al.] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. — 2014. — Vol. 99(3). — P. 800-807.
Pulsed-wave color Doppler echography of the intrarenal vessels in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and incipient nephropathy [Text] / M. Sperandeo, G. D’Amico, A. Varriale [et al.] // Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. — 1996. — Vol. 68(5). — P. 183-187.
Дедов И.И. Диабетическая нефропатия [Текст] / И.И. Дедов, М.В. Шестакова. — М.: Универсум Паблишинг, 2000. — 239 с.
Соколов Е.И. Диабетическое сердце [Текст] / Е.И. Соколов. — М.: Медицина, 2002. — C. 335-337.
Рабочая группа РКО, НОНР, РАЭ, РМОАГ, НОА, РНМОТ. Национальные рекомендации. Сердечно-сосудистый риск и хроническая болезнь почек: стратегии кардионефропротекции [Текст] / Рабочая группа РКО, НОНР, РАЭ, РМОАГ, НОА, РНМОТ // Российский кардиологический журнал. — 2014. — № 8(112). — С. 7-37.
Cystatin C: an emerging biomarker in cardiovascular disease [Text] / C. Angelidis, S. Deftereos, G. Giannopoulos [et al.] // Curr. Top. Med. Chem. — 2013. — Vol. 13(2). — P. 164-179.
Комитет экспертов Всероссийского научного общества кардиологов. Кардиоваскулярная профилактика. Национальные рекомендации [Текст] / Комитет экспертов ВНОК // Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. — 2011. — № 10(6). — 64 с.
Salgado J.V. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). CKD Work Group KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease [Text] / J.V. Salgado, F.L. Souza, B.J. Salgado // Kidney Int. Suppl. — 2013. — Vol. 3. — P. 1-150.
Usefulness of serum cystatin C in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy [Text] / T. Kimura, H. Ikeda, J. Fujikawa [et al.] // Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. — 2009. — Vol. 83(2). — P. e58-e61.
Cystatin C is associated with an increased coronary atherosclerotic burden and a stable plaque phenotype in patients with ischemic heart disease and normal glomerular filtration rate [Text] / G. Niccoli, M. Conte, R. Della Bona [et al.] // Atherosclerosis. — 2008. — Vol. 198. — P. 373-380.
Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate using cystatin C in diabetic patients analysed by multiple factors including tubular function [Text] / P.P. Zhang, J.F. Zhan, H.L. Xie [et al.] // J. Int. Med. Res. — 2010. — Vol. 38(2). — P. 473-483.
Cystatin C as an early biomarker of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes [Text] / Y.K. Jeon, M.R. Kim, J.E. Huh [et al.] // J. Korean. Med. Sci. — 2011. — Vol. 26(2). — P. 258-263.
Association between chronic kidney disease detected using creatinine and cystatin C and death and cardiovascular events in elderly Mexican Americans: the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging [Text] / C.A. Peralta, A. Lee, M.C. Odden [et al.] // J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. — 2013. — Vol. 61(1). — P. 90-95.
Кравчун Н.О. Сучасні діагностичні маркери діабетичної нефропатії [Текст] / Н.О. Кравчун, Ю.О. Кривовяз // Пробл. ендокрин. патології. — 2012. — № 3. — С. 104-112.
Association between serum cystatin C levels and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients [Text] / S. Triki, O. Fekih, I. Hellara [et al.] // Ann. Biol. Clin. — 2013. — Vol. 71(4). — P. 438-442.
Higher cystatin C level predicts long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease [Text] / G. Urbonaviciene, G.P. Shi, S. Urbonavicius [et al.] // Atherosclerosis. — 2011. — Vol. 216(2). — P. 440-445.
Cystatin C is independently associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing coronary angiography. The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study [Text] / R.P. Woitas, M.E. Kleber, A. Meinitzer [et al.] // Atherosclerosis. — 2013. — Vol. 229(2). — P. 541-548.
Use of cystatin C-based estimations of glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes [Text] / R.A. Chudleigh, R.L. Ollerton, G. Dunseath [et al.] // Diabetologia. — 2009. — Vol. 52(7). — P. 1274-1278.
Cystatin-based estimated GFR versus creatinine-based and creatinine- and cystatin-based estimated GFR for ESRD and mortality risk in diabetes [Text] / J. Skupien, J.H. Warram, P.H. Groop [et al.] // Am. J. Kidney Dis. — 2013. — Vol. 62(1). — P. 184-186.
Combined association of albuminuria and cystatin C-based estimated GFR with mortality, coronary heart disease, and heart failure outcomes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study [Text] / S. Waheed, K. Matsushita, Y. Sang [et al.] // Am. J. Kidney Dis. — 2012. — Vol. 60(2). — P. 207-216.
Combined association of creatinine, albuminuria, and cystatin C with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular and kidney outcomes[Text] / S. Waheed, K. Matsushita, B.C. Astor [et al.] // Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. — 2013. — Vol. 8(3). — P. 434-442.
Dynamic evaluation of renal resistive index in normoalbuminuric patients with newly diagnosed hypertension or type 2 diabetes [Text] / R.M. Bruno, E. Daghini, L. Landini [et al.] // Diabetologia. — 2011. — Vol. 54(9). — P. 2430-2439.
Renal duplex sonographic evaluation of type 2 diabetic patients [Text] / M. Mancini, M. Masulli, R. Liuzzi [et al.] // J. Ultrasound Med. — 2013. — Vol. 32(6). — P. 1033-1040.
Relations between ACE gene and ecNOS gene polymorphisms and resistive index in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy [Text] / H. Taniwaki, E. Ishimura, N. Matsumoto [et al.] // Diabetes Care. — 2001. — Vol. 24(9). — P. 1653-1660.
Milovanceva-Popovska M. Progression of diabetic nephropathy: value of intrarenal resistive index (RI) [Text] / M. Milovanceva-Popovska, S. Dzikova // Prilozi. — 2007. — Vol. 28(1). — P. 69-79.
The resistive index is a marker of renal function, pathology, prognosis, and responsiveness to steroid therapy in chronic kidney disease patients [Text] / K. Hanamura, A. Tojo, S. Kinugasa [et al.] // Int. J. Nephrol. — 2012. — Article ID139565.
Hashimoto J. Central pulse pressure and aortic stiffness determine renal hemodynamics: pathophysiological implication for microalbuminuria in hypertension [Text] / J. Hashimoto, S. Ito // Hypertension. — 2011. — Vol. 58(5). — P. 839-846.
Schiffrin E.L. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system [Text] / E.L. Schiffrin, M.L. Lipman, J.F. Mann // Circulation. — 2007. — Vol. 116(1). — P. 85-97.
Microvascular degenerative complications are associated with increased aortic stiffness in type 2 diabetic patients [Text] / C.R. Cardoso, M.T. Ferreira, N.C. Leite [et al.] // Atherosclerosis. — 2009. — Vol. 205(2). — P. 472-476.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin excretion are independently associated with greater arterial stiffness: the Hoorn Study [Text] / M.M. Hermans, R. Henry, J.M. Dekker [et al.] // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. — 2007. — Vol. 18(6). — P. 1942-1952.
Decrease in glomerular filtration rate in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes is linked to atherosclerosis [Text] / H. Taniwaki, Y. Nishizawa, T. Kawagishi [et al.] // Diabetes Care. — 1998. — Vol. 21(11). — P. 1848-1855.
The correlation between pulse wave velocity and diabetic angiopathy [Text] / T. Takegoshi, J. Hirai, T. Shimada [et al.] // Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. — 1991. — Vol. 28(5). — P. 664-667.
Associations between cardio-ankle vascular index and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients [Text] / K.J. Kim, B.W. Lee, H.M. Kim [et al.] // J. Atheroscler. Thromb. — 2011. — Vol. 18(4). — P. 328-336.
Increased renal resistive index in atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy assessed by Doppler sonography [Text] / Y. Ohta, K. Fujii, H. Arima [et al.] // J. Hypertens. — 2005. — Vol. 23(10). — P. 1905-1911.
The relationship between renal resistive index, arterial stiffness, and atherosclerotic burden: the link between macrocirculation and microcirculation [Text] / J. Calabia, P. Torguet, I. Garcia [et al.] // J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich). — 2014. — Vol. 16(3). — P. 186-191.
Renal resistive index and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in essential hypertension [Text] / Y. Doi, Y. Iwashima, F. Yoshihara [et al.] // Hypertension. — 2012. — Vol. 60(3). — P. 770-777.
Munakata M. Higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as an independent risk factor for future microalbuminuria in patients with essential hypertension: the J-TOPP study [Text] / M. Munakata, Y. Miura, K. Yoshinaga, J-TOPP study group // J. Hypertens. — 2009. — Vol. 27(7). — P. 1466-1471.
Mulè G. Unfavourable interaction of microalbuminuria and mildly reduced creatinine clearance on aortic stiffness in essential hypertension [Text] / G. Mulè, S. Cottone, P. Cusimano // Int. J. Cardiol. — 2010. — Vol. 145(2). — P. 372-375.
Central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity: relationship to target organ damage and cardiovascular morbidity-mortality in diabetic patients or metabolic syndrome. An observational prospective study. LOD-DIABETES study protocol [Text] / M.A. Gomez-Marcos, J. I. Recio-Rodriguez, E. Rodriguez-Sanchez [et al.] // BMC Public Health. — 2010. — Vol. 10. — P. 143.
Goldsmith D. Vascular calcification: a stiff challenge for the nephrologist: does preventing bone disease cause arterial disease? [Text] / D. Goldsmith, E. Ritz, A. Covic // Kidney Int. — 2004. — Vol. 66(4). — P. 1315-1333.
Lankin V.Z. Free radical lipoperoxidation during atherosclerosis and antioxidative therapy of this disease [Text] / V.Z. Lankin, A.K. Tikhaze // Free Radicals, Nitric Oxide, and Inflammation: Molecular, Biochemical, and Clinical Aspects, NATO Science Series. — 2003. — Vol. 344. — P. 218-231.
Окислительный стресс. Патологические состояния и заболевания [Текст] / Е.Б. Меньщикова, Н.К. Зенков, В.З. Ланкин [и др.]. — Новосибирск: АРТА, 2008. — 283 с.
Yla-Herttuala S. Macrophages and oxidized low density lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [Text] / S. Yla-Herttuala // Ann. Med. — 1991. — Vol. 23(5). — P. 561-567.
Lankin V.Z. The enzymatic systems in the regulation of free radical lipid peroxidation [Text] / V.Z. Lankin // Free Radicals, Nitric Oxide, and Inflammation: Molecular, Biochemical, and Clinical Aspects, NATO Science Series. — 2003. — Vol. 344. — P. 8-23.
Окислительный стресс. Прооксиданты и антиоксиданты [Текст] / Е.Б. Меньщикова, В.З. Ланкин, Н.К. Зенков [и др.]. — М.: Слово, 2006. — 553 с.
Ланкин В.З. Свободнорадикальные процессы при заболеваниях сердечно-сосудистой системы [Текст] / В.З. Ланкин, А.К. Тихазе, Ю.Н. Беленков // Кардиология. — 2000. — № 40(7). — P. 48-61.
Diabetic retinopathy is associated with oxidative stress and mitigation of gene expression of antioxidant enzymes [Text] / M.F. El-Bab, N.S. Zaki, M.A. Mojaddidi [et al.] // Int. J. Gen. Med. — 2013. — Vol. 6. — P. 799-806
The Effect of Natural Dicarbonyls on Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Vitro and in Vivo [Text] / V.Z. Lankin, G.G. Кonovalova, A.K. Tikhaze [et al.] // Biomedical Chemistry. — 2012. — Vol. 6(1). — P. 81-86.
Ланкин В.З. Особенности модификации липопротеидов низкой плотности в развитии атеросклероза и сахарного диабета типа 2 [Текст] / В.З. Ланкин, А.К. Тихазе, Е.М. Кумскова // Кардиологический вестник. — 2008. — № 3(1). — С. 60-67.
Kandhro A.J. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of methylglyoxal from serum of diabetic patients by precolumn derivatization using meso-stilbenediamine as derivatizing reagent [Text] / A.J. Kandhro, M.A. Mirza, M.Y. Khuhawar // J. Chromatogr. Sci. — 2008. — Vol. 46(6). — P. 539-543.
Baynes J.W. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes [Text] / J.W. Baynes // Diabetes. — 1991. — Vol. 40. — P. 405-441.
Окислительный стресс при атеросклерозе и диабете [Текст] / В.З. Ланкин, М.О. Лисина, Н.Е. Арзамасцева [и др.] // Бюл. экспер. биол. мед. — 2005. — № 140(7). — С. 48-52.
Ahmed N. Advanced glycation endproducts: what is their relevance to diabetic complications? [Text] / N. Ahmed, P.J. Thornalley // Diabbetes Obes. Metab. — 2007. — Vol. 9(3). — P. 233-245.
Aldehyde-dependent modification of low density lipoproteins [Text] / V.Z. Lankin, A.K. Tikhaze, G.G. Konovalova [et al.] // Publish. Inc. — 2010. — P. 85-107.
Механизмы окислительной модификации липопротеидов низкой плотности при окислительном и карбонильном стрессе [Текст] / В.З. Ланкин, А.К. Тихазе, В.И. Капелько [и др.] // Биохимия. — 2007. — № 72(10). — C. 1330-1341.
The Influence of Glucose on the Free Radical Peroxidation of Low Density Lipoproteins in Vitro and in Vivo [Text] / V.Z. Lankin, G.G. Konovalova, A.K. Tikhaze [et al.] // Biomedical Chemistry. — 2011. — Vol. 5(3). — P. 284-292.
Lipid peroxide levels in diabetics with micro- and macro-angiopathies [Text] / H.S. Chittar, K.D. Nihalani, P.K. Varthakavi [et al.] // J. Nutr. Biochem. — 1994. — Vol. 5. — P. 442-445.
Niedowicz D.M. The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications [Text] / D.M. Niedowicz, D.L. Daleke // Cell. Biochem. Biophys. — 2005. — Vol. 43(2). — P. 289-330.
The initiation of free radical peroxidation of low-density lipoproteins by glucose and its metabolite methylglyoxal: a common molecular mechanism of vascular wall injure in atherosclerosis and diabetes [Text] / V.Z. Lankin, G.G. Konovalova, A.K. Tikhaze [et al.] // Mol. Cell. Biochem. — 2014. — Vol. 395(1–2). — P. 241-52.
Zieman S. Advanced glycation end product cross-linking: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease [Text] / S. Zieman, D. Kass // Congest. Heart Fail. — 2004. — Vol. 10(3). — P. 144-149.
Glucose autoxidation induces functional damage to proteins via modification of critical arginine residues [Text] / S. Chetyrkin, M. Mathis, V. Pedchenko [et al.] // Biochemistry. — 2011. — Vol. 50(27). — P. 6102-6012.
Advanced glycation end-product cross-link breakers. A novel approach to cardiovascular pathologies related to the aging process [Text] / G.L. Bakris, A.J. Bank, D.A. Kass [et al.] // Am. J. Hypertens. — 2004. — Vol. 17(12). — P. 23-30.
Yuen A. Methylglyoxal-modified collagen promotes myofibroblast differentiation [Text] / A. Yuen, C. Laschinger, I. Talior // Matrix Biol. — 2010. — Vol. 29(6). — P. 537-548.