CONTEMPORARY FIBRE LEVEL IN NON-NARCOTIC VARIETIES OF HEMP ( CANNABIS SATIVA L

Utilization of hemp stalks (Cannabis sativa L.) for energy purposes is a promising field of its application, so long as it is possible to use for fuel both whole stalk and waste products after its processing (awnchaff). Hemp stalk has a high calorific value, which is slightly inferior to coal, but exceed those for soft wood and peat. Despite intensive breeding works aimed at reducing tetrahydrocannabinol content, it became possible to keep the primary value of the crop that is an ability to form a good yield of stalks and fibre. As a result of many years of breeding work obtained were non-narcotic monoecious hemp varieties Hliana, Hlukhivskiy 46, Hlukhivski 51 with fibre content 30.0 to 38.9%. Of these, the most promising for the fibre production is variety Hlukhivski 51. By fibre yield, this variety exceeds standard one by 1.5 t/ha.


Introduction.
The global energy crisis turns researchers' look for searching new kinds of energy carriers.Such energy carriers can be agricultural products that are considered to be renewable energy sources.Hemp is the most renewable energy source.Its main feature is large accumulation of wood: one hectare of hemp gives much more wood than forest species in one year.Thus, the annual growth of pine is 2.5 m 3 per hectare, whereas in hemp at the average straw yield of 5 t/ha it makes 5.6 m 3 per hectare, and given high yield, twice as much [1].
Analysis of publications, pose the problem.Utilization of hemp stalks for energy purposes is a promising area of the plant application, so long as it is possible to use for fuel both whole stalk and waste products after its processing (awnchaff).Hemp stalk has a high calorific value, which is slightly inferior to coal, but exceed those for soft wood and peat.Hemp stalks after harvesting can be used as an energy fuel in the form of large packages (coils, bales) or after its appropriate processing in the form of briquettes, pellets, granules, etc [2].
One of the modern breeding directions on hemp is creating varieties of high fibre content and stalk yield to increase the profitability of agricultural production.
Hemp fibre, along with the other crops fibre such as flax, kenaf, nettle, jute, abutilon, cotton, etc. consists of separate elementary fibres whose length ranges from 3.5 to 4.0 cm [3].
Elementary cells and fibrous bundles are divided into primary and secondary.Primary fibre is long; it passes through the entire stem.In hemp, unlike abutilon and kenaf, primary fibre is originally better than the secondary one.In cross-section, fibre bundles are placed in a ribbon, with primary fibre cells occur in two layers and different directions, according to research by I.M. Laiko [4].Layer of elementary fibres is located closer to endoderm and presented as fibrous bundles of elongated shape in tangential direction.The second layer differs by its bundles of rounded shape and is concentrated in the radial direction.This feature is clearly expressed in low-fibre varieties rather than high-fibre ones.
Fibre quality characteristics are fullness of elementary cells, even cells of the first and the second primary fibre layer as well as the average density of connections in a cluster of cells, which contributes to a better separation of fibre into elementary fibres (Fig. 1).These characteristics should be combined with optimum thickness of the elementary fibre layer and high content of fibre.The intensity of the fibre formation increases till the hemp flowering stage, which almost ends before the period of ripening seeds in monoecious hemp varieties.The current level of fibre content in hemp stalks has been provided due to development of many methods of analysis and selection [5,6], investigation of the anatomical structure of the stem in various dioecious and monoecious varieties [7][8][9][10][11], the disclosure of relation between performance traits of stem and fibre content influencing stem mechanical function [12][13][14][15][16][17].
Materials and methods.Breeding to improve fibre content was carried out according to family and group selection while using express-test for determining the presence of cannabinoids before flowering, determination of cannabinoids by thin layer chromatography, phenological observations, biometric measurements of plants, analysis of the plant productivity structure, anatomical analysis of stem on the ground of fibre layer thickness, technological assessment of hemp plants on the fibre content and its quality, methods of mathematical statistics.Research was carried out at the Research Station of the Bast Crops of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Polissia.Several original techniques and methods were used [18][19][20][21].
Results and discussion.A feature of the current stage of breeding work is the creation of high-stable monoecious non-narcotic hemp varieties.High performance can be considered only at presence of the above biological characteristics.Despite intensive breeding work for almost 40 years to reduce the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol, it became possible to maintain the primary value of the crop, i.e. the ability to form stalk yield from7.5 to 8.5 t/ha and higher, seed yield from 1.0 to 1.3 t/ha, fibre content at the level 28 to 30%.In addition, some hemp varieties such as Hlukhivskyi 46 have fibre content of 34.2% (2014).Moreover, all varieties feature high content of long fibre (10 to 12%).
The most promising variety on the basis of high fibre content is monoecious hemp variety Hlukhivski 51.The efficiency of breeding work on this variety was provided by family and group selection of the best families and plants according to new developed "Method of assessment of individual plants of monoecious hemp varieties on fibre content before flowering."Over the past three years it shows a very high fibre content.
According to the results of the estimation nursery in 2012, it was found 44.2% families contained 33.6 to 35.5% fibre, 25.0% families contained 35.6 to 37.5% fibre and 7.7% families contained more than 37.5% fibre.The average content of fibre was established at the level of 34.6% (Table 1).In 2013, the distribution of families in Hlukhivski 51 variety on fibre content showed extraordinary results in the estimation nursery.For the first time received was population of Hlukhivski 51 with the average content of fibre in families of 39.8% versus 31.9% in the standard variety Hliana, that showed an increase of 7.9%.These results were confirmed in 2014.Families of 44.7% fibre content were revealed.More than half of the families (55%) featured fibre content of 38.1 to 44.7%.The result of breeding work over 10 years is reducing the number of plants with fibre content ranged from 16.2 to 29.2%: from 54.5 in 2004 to 1.2% in 2014 and an increasing group of plants containing more than 29 3% fibre.Previously, only single plants containing over 37% fibre could be found out, in 2014 there were 86% such plants.The presence of a new group of plant with fibre content 39.7 to 44.7% in the amount of 72.8% confirms the creation of a new unique breeding material.
In breeding strain test (when sown on the unilateral use, at seeding rate of 75 kg/ha) new variety Hlukhivski 51 has been confirmed to be a high-fibre variety.In 2013, 2014 it differed from standard variety Hliana on fibre content: 36.7%, 38.9%, against 30.8, 30.4%, respectively.
Amount of long fibre is 35.8%, against 27.5% in standard variety.In addition, the variety has seed yield at standard level (1.11 t/ha) and high stem yield.At the stem yield of 13.9 t/ha (2014) and fibre content of 38.9%, over 5 t/ha of fibre can be obtained which gives additional income of 1,500 USD from 1 hectare (Table 3).A unique feature is fibre biological peculiarity.The quality of the fibre on the basis of linear density, tensile strength and number of long fibre remains at the level of selected.Such results in the breeding of monoecious hemp were obtained for the first time.
Conclusions.As a result of breeding work obtained were non-narcotic monoecious hemp varieties Hliana, Hlukhivskyi 46, Hlukhivski 51containing fibre from 30.0 to 38.9%.Of these, the most promising for fibre production is variety Hlukhivski 51.Fibre yield in this variety exceeds that of standard variety by 1.5 t/ha, which makes an additional income of more than of 1,500 USD from 1 hectare.Utilization of hemp stalks (Cannabis sativa L.) for energy purposes is a promising field of its application, so long as it is possible to use for fuel both whole stalk and waste products after its processing (awnchaff).Hemp stalk has a high calorific value, which is slightly inferior to coal, but exceed those for soft wood and peat.The aim and tasks of the study.One of the directions of modern breeding work with hemp is the creation of cannabis varieties with a high fiber content and crop stalks that will enhance profitability of agricultural production.Materials and methods.Breeding to improve fibre content was carried out according to family and group selection while using express-test for determining the presence of cannabinoids before flowering, determination of cannabinoids by thin layer chromatography, phenological ob- Експериментально досліджено біоценотичні прояви модифікаційної здатності генотипів тритикале озимого лісостепового та поліського екотипів залежно від агроекологічних чинників.Сорти тритикале озимого вивчено як екобіоморфічні геоценоконсорції, що визначило їх агроекологічну оцінку залежно від генотипових та фенотипових характеристик (зимо-, посухостійкість, площа листкової поверхні, стійкість проти хвороб і шкідників, урожайність та якість зерна та ін.).Запропоновано схему створення стійких високопродуктивних фітоценозів тритикале озимого на різних ієрархічних рівнях (аутекологічному, демекологічному, консорційному, зональному, біоценотичному, екосистемному) шляхом виведення та запровадження екоморф (гібридів, ліній) з низкою цінних господарських та екологічних ознак.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Cross-section of hemp stem

Table 1 Distribution of families of Hlukhivski 51 variety according to fibre content, estimation nursery 15 × 5 sm
Note.Average value for Hliana standard variety in 2012 was 30.0%; in 2013 31.9%, in 2014 32.3%.Effect of selection on fibre content during 2004-2013 in the breeding nursery is shown in
servations, biometric measurements of plants, analysis of the plant productivity structure, anatomical analysis of stem on the ground of fibre layer thickness, technological assessment of hemp plants on the fibre content and its quality, methods of mathematical statistics.Research was carried out at the Research Station of the Bast Crops of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Polissya.Results and discussion.Despite intensive breeding works aimed at reducing tetrahydrocannabinol content, it became possible to keep the primary value of the crop that is an ability to form a good yield of stalks and fibre.As a result of many years of breeding work obtained were non-narcotic monoecious hemp varieties Hliana, Hlukhivskiy 46, Hlukhivski 51 with fibre content 30.0 to 38.9%.Of these, the most promising for the fibre production is variety Hlukhivski 51.By fibre yield, this variety exceeds standard one by 1.5 t/ha.Conclusions.Despite intensive breeding work in the direction of reducing the content of tetrahydrocannabinol, managed to keep the basic value of culture-the ability to generate a high yield of stems and fibres.