EVOLUTION OF UKRAINE ’ S ECONOMY INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZATION : FROM NEOLITHIC AGE TO PRESENT TIME ©

The paper is a brief notice of a series of WORKS covering the topic of Ukraine’s economy international specialization, Ukraine’s evolution since the pre-state period in its history, formation of the first states within the territory of Ukraine (the Scythian culture, Greek states within Ukraine, the tribal Antes Alliance and Huts Empire, the origin of Slavs and the Ukrainian people), the period from the foundation of Kyiv through liquidation of Kyiv Principality, the Cossack Era in the history of Ukraine, the Ukrainian People’s Republic, declaration of Ukraine’s independence, Famine-Genocide, and the place and role of Ukraine’s international specialization as part of the USSR


Introduction
Technological transformation of contemporary global processes cause significant changes in international specialization of each national economy, іn Ukraine.Of particular importance for determining the place of the national economy in the current global economic processes become innovative, informational, technological transformations caused by global processes and their impact on the national economy.The modern world is conditioned by differentiation international division of labor; permanent imbalance of the world economy, finding more effective technologies and methods of production that enable better conditions of life.
Notable among the factors contributing to obtaining competitive countries in the world market, international specialization is the state of the national economy.Analysis of the evolution process of specialization shows that specialization is led to the creation of integration structures, the development not only of regionalization, but globalization.However, trends in the late XXearly XXI century.determine the reverse effect.International specialization of directly proportional to depend on the general processes of globalization, internationalization, integration.Establish itself in the modern world as a country that produces a competitive product can only country with active Information Technology economies.In addition, signs of change and specialization, which moves from subject to detailed hotel.

Literature review
The issue of international economic relations evolution and international specialization is given in a most detailed and comprehensible manner in terms of international economic position in the research by international economist Professor A. S. Filipenko, -International Economic Relations: History‖.Besides, based upon the studies of such historians as O. Paliy, S. Kulchutskyi, Yu.Pavlenko, we have the possibility to present specifics of the development of Ukraine's international specialization since the pre-state period in its history (the Stone Age, Trypillian culture, the Bronze Age), formation of the first states within the territory of Ukraine (the Scythian culture, Greek states within Ukraine, the tribal Antes Alliance and Huts Empire, the origin of Slavs and the Ukrainian people), the period from the foundation of Kyiv through liquidation of Kyiv Principality, the Cossack Era in the history of Ukraine, the Ukrainian People's Republic, declaration of Ukraine's independence, Famine-Genocide, and the place and role of Ukraine's international specialization as part of the USSR, as a series of articles.

Preconditions for formation of Ukraine's specialization under geographical division of labor. Neolithic Revolution
The Stone Age, as the most ancient human period, is identified by the time of making instruments of labor of stone, bones, and wood.Historians suggest that in the territory of Ukraine, the Stone Age lasted until 3500 B. C. The backbone of the economy was hunting, forage, and fishing.The reproduction came much later and totaled in dynamic changes in the human history: simple consumption was being replaced by reproduction.Considering the fact than even in the Paleolithic Age people began to group together into small communities based on the tribal identity, their specialization depended on the location, neighbors presence, their behavior and relations, the exchange was made with regard for faith concerns and proximity.In the Chalcolithic Period (3000-4000 B. C.), tribes, Trypillian culture-bearers, lived in the territory of Ukraine.The climate typical for the Trypillian culture period facilitated growth of farming.Various breeds of wheat, barley, as well as millet and beans were cultivated.The domestic animals herd composition varied reflecting regional economic specifics, but in general the cattle comprised half of the stock; there were a lot of pigs, goat, and sheep.The latter became of crucial importance in the Southern regions closer to the end of culture existence.Besides, the Trypillian people were engaged in hunting, fishing, and forage.

Kyiv Principality (IX-XIII centuries)
The economic development of Kyivan Rus was concentrated in towns, it was mostly represented by craftsmen of different skills who organized themselves in groups.The period can be characterized as favorable for the relations and complementarity between the village and the town to enhance.Taking into account that specialization definitely implies exchange of products (goods), which is actually operations, thus the advancing specialization between the two players in the state has contributed to the early development of trade and the origination of international specialization fundamentals.
In this period, Ukrainian specialization was represented by export of mainly raw materials: wood, wax, fur, timberware, wooden boats.At the same time, import prevailed in trade: tropical fruit, spices, salt, carpets, porcelain, and animal origin products.Human trafficking outranked in representing Ukraine abroad [1].The slaves were a special category of export by Kyiv, being of high demand in the East.

The Cossack Era in Ukrainian history (XV-XVIII centuries)
The XV-XVIII centuries were marked by significant discoveries that had contributed to the growth of international trade beyond Europe.The experts believe that world domination has finally emerged at the end of XIX century due to the expansion of world market, transportation, and machine industry.It is the latter that led to mass production of goods, the volume of which was enough not only to satisfy domestic needs, but also to be widely supplied to the international market.
The international geographical division of labor became quite evident.There have always been, actually there are, and will always be differences between coun-tries in terms of their geographical location, natural resources, economic structure, skills and expertise of the working population, etc.As a result of the geographical division of labor, areas of international specialization emerged worldwide.Each country was oriented on exporting its own products.The specialization of countries depended on the comparative advantages that the country had to produce goods and products.
The warlike Cossacks and political and social conditions during several centuries have shaped the economic features of the state as well, and accordingly, the state's specialization.The Cossack character could be found in farming, fishing, stockbreeding, and hunting.The all-out military operations of the Great Northern War (1700-1721), in which Ukraine participated indirectly, were destroying it.The Russian tsar had built a lot of fortifications in the Ukrainian land, including the Kyiv Fortress in Pechersk.According to V. Poltorak, the specifics of Cossacks Era specialization in XVIII century were Cossacks' transition from having extensive forms of economy to intensive ones.As modern economic periodization of Zaporozhian Army (Zaporizke Viisko) history states, three stages can be distinguished: mainly industrial (hunting, fishing, etc.; XVI-XVII centuries), industrial and stockbreeding (XVII century -1734); stockbreeding and farming (1734-1775).
During industrial civilization in XV-XVII centuries, specialization of European countries was determined by foreign trade.In the developed countries, manufacturing and export of the finished products prevailed, and raw specialization was established in less developed countries.While in Europe in XIX century the industrial revolution, which facilitated international division, labor cooperation and countries' specialization in production, took place, Ukraine underwent historical, political, and military developments that shaped its specialization, primarily the raw one.
XVIII-XIX centuries -Specialization of agrarian regions of Ukraine.Serfdom.Industrial revolution in Ukraine.
In the first half of the XIX century, specialization of certain areas in the agricultural production enhanced.Agriculture continued to play a leading role in the economic life of Ukraine.In the mid-30s of the XIX century, the industrial revolution in Ukraine led to factory and plant production.Military, metallurgical, engineering, and coal mining industries were developed.Agricultural development of Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire in the first half of the XIX century had preconditioned the following trends: landlordism, being in a crisis, dominated in agriculture; increased exploitation of peasantry, outdated methods and ways of economy management; gradual destruction of natural economy and the advancement of business; formation of areas' specialization in certain industrial products.

Ukraine's specialization in XX century: political dictatorship, economic planned "instability", famine
As historian S. Kulchutskyi notes, -The famine of 1932-1933 should be studied in the view of collectivization of agriculture, and the collectivization itself should be researched in the general context of social and eco-nomic transformations implemented by Bolsheviks.‖ [2] It should be stated that this period was officially qualified as transformation of primarily agrarian country into an industrial one, which required mobilization of peasants' assets and, in its turn, could be done through the collectivization of village.Therefore, when examining Ukraine's specialization in this period, we can speak of imposed specialization or, rather, a forced one.The specialization specified by natural resources and human capacities and intent were simply decimated.In 1920, there arose the necessity to immediately change the economic development course; such need was the result of grave social and political crisis.The methods of implementing the new course were aggressive: material resources, organizational forceseverything was aimed at addressing social industrialization, namely receiving a product to support the military industrial sector.The possible source of resources in mainly an agrarian country still remained the agriculture.In 1927, corn storage began to reduce dramatically, which posed a threat in terms of fulfilling the export plan; however, 1929 was a -crunch‖: a tough, justiciable policy of forced defarming led to the death of peasants (closing of farms) and, as a result, looked more like a genocidethe Famine-Genocide.
The success of the industrial growth in Ukraine, as well as in the USSR in general, was provided mainly due to engaging additional labor power, i.e. it was made in an extensive way, which in the future would make the economic policy unpromising.Of all the sectors of economy, the agrarian one remained in a catastrophic state.The period of 1947-1948 is marked -black‖ in the calendar of Ukraine.A new wave of famine that resulted from heavy exaction of grain from the collective farms was called to strengthen the USSR's position in the world as a powerful militarist state and ensure loyalty of the -socialist camp‖ countries (while the people were starving, grain was exported to USSR-friendly countries of -people's democracy‖ -Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia) [3].
Analyzing the period of 30s-40s and speaking of Ukraine's international specialization (of Ukraine as part of the USSR), we can state that this specialization was of compulsory, unreasonable, and exhaustible nature.The textbooks on political science and economic history give the following information about the place Ukraine's specialization held in the USSR: -In terms of economic growth, Ukraine was in last places among the republics of the USSR.And this was taking into account the fact that Ukraine's economy was the second largest in the Soviet Union and an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's planned economy.Furthermore, it should be added that Ukrainian SSR supplied to other republics coal, coke, iron ore, natural gas, iron, steel, rolled ferrous metals, metallurgical and mining equipment, turbines, diesel engines, electric motors, tractors, excavators, locomotives, buses, automobiles, cement, fertilizers, natural stone, grain, sugar, confectionery, canned food, oil and many other products.Supplied to Ukraine were oil and oil products, ores, rolled nonferrous metals, machinery, oil equipment, automation equipment, cars, trucks, cars, power transformers, electronic computers, cables, tires, plastics, radio industry products, etc.More than 20 countries (Austria, the Netherlands, Italy, Norway, France, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, USA, Canada, UK, and Japan) received industrial products and industrial raw materials from Ukraine.‖ [4].
Given the analysis of the economic development of the USSR, the effects of the intensive industrialization, and the political leverage, it could be said that Ukrainian SSR had no international specialization, its necessity was not declared, and the possibility of neighbor relations with European countries and the USA were considered; aggressive, ail-like competitive nature of the Soviet Union caused a deepening crisis in the country.
Since the 70s in Ukraine, being bound in chains of command-administrative system, the economic development demonstrated a slowdown.Instead of introducing new technologies, intensive use of labor resources, reorientation of the production pattern in the high-tech cycles, etc., the industrial development was achieved through excessive costs, increasing of fuel and energy sector and chemical sector, forced attraction of new natural resources to the production.The imbalances in the economy sector had deepened [5].
Prior to its independence, Ukraine was totally integrated into the economic system of the former Soviet Union and could not act as an independent entity in international economic relations.The collapse of trade with the Soviet republics after the USSR had dissolved paralyzed the country's foreign trade relations.With the collapse of the Soviet system, the country shifted from a planned economy to the market one.The transition process was difficult for the majority of people.Ukraine initially was viewed as a republic with favorable economic conditions; however, the country experienced a deeper recession as compared to some of the other former Soviet republics.
Transformation processes of the 90s in Ukraine were accompanied by numerous negative developments for its economy: collapse of the economy of the USSR, the CMEA and countries of the socialist camp; their reorientation to more competitive products.As a result of such deterioration in the domestic economic situation, Ukraine's export position in the international division of labor had been weakened: the place for national specialized products in the international division of labor, which took place in previous years, needed to be won.

Conclusions
As a result, a substantial part of Ukraine's exports accrued to technological specialization, which included exports of mineral and agricultural raw materials and semi-finished products of primary processing, metallurgical, metalworking and chemical industries for further processing in the importing countries.The raw material export orientation in specialization requires increased technological level of these industries, and under severe limitations of own and attracted foreign investments it contributes to further distortion of Ukraine's economy in terms of raw materials and focusing on primary technology.
Subject specialization, i. e. production of finished products, in the first place, consumer goods: textiles, clothing, wine, pharmaceutical products.Among indus-trial goods there was a small number of aircraft, ships, machinery, and equipment.Export of arms and military equipment ranked an outstanding position.
Significant scientific and technical potential created the basis for expansion of Ukraine's subject specialization in complex and high-tech products of engineering and instrumentation, electronics and radio engineering, and software products.However, the problem of uncompetitiveness of its products primarily in the domestic market and the lack of state support for manufacturers of products that had already gained international recognition did not enable to obtain weighty results.
For Ukraine, the process of entering the world economy was accompanied by the formation of irrational export structure, and hence not a very promising model of international specialization.The main features of the country's economy international specialization model are related to the fact that Ukraine exports to the international markets those products (food, ores, primarily ferrous metals) that are relatively low-dynamic and are characterized by reduction of their share in global sales.At the same time supplies to high-tech markets, which determine prospects for the global economy, are extremely poor.
As noted earlier in this article, this paper is one of the series addressing the issue of Ukraine's international specialization; therefore the following works will detail shortcomings of the structure of the country's international specialization in the XXI century, and the need to reformat it considering trends of global transformations.