SUBSTANTIATION OF METHODICAL APPROACHES TO COST ESTIMATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

The object of research is the estimation of technologies developed in universities. One of the most aspects of implementing the transfer of innovative technologies from universities to the business environment in Ukraine is the lack of necessary and sufficient amount of methodological developments aimed at the effective cost estimation of technology. The existing developments are mainly of an industrial or local nature, are fragmentary. So, standing estimation is the basis for the successful commercialization of technologies and their market spread. Taking into account this, problem is scientifically and practically meaningful. In the course of scientific work, current approaches and methods for the cost estimation of innovative technologies are considered. The regulatory and legal documents regulating the estimation of innovative technologies developed at universities have been analyzed. Refinement is a costly method of estimating the value of innovative technologies by justifying expressions for planning cost indicators and applying the proposed individual price indices. Advantages of the improved method for cost estimation of technology is a high level of accuracy in forecasting economic elements of costs as part of the cost of the facility. The explication of methods of cost estimation of technologies developed in universities, with methods of pricing is offered. Methodical explications can be used as a tool for making decisions about the appropriateness of starting a particular research or development work. The matrix of the ratio of the estimation indicators, price and profit is developed on the basis of explications of estimation and pricing methods. This is the basis for development of other methods of economic estimation of technology. The suggested methodical approaches allow to substantiate management decisions on development of technologies (from the stage of enrolling to the balance of universities to the stage of selecting a commercialization scenario, transfer and dissemination of these technologies on the market). And also to conduct effective strategic planning of the university's technological progress, etc.


Introduction
Changes in the world economy, caused by the course of the IV Industrial Revolution, put forward new require ments to solve problems associated with development and transfer of innovative technologies. In recent years, one of the main factors of technological development of the countries of the world is the transfer of technologies origi nating from universities. Innovative technologies generated by universities and successfully introduced into the market are becoming an increasingly important source of economic prosperity for both the universities themselves and for the regions and countries where they operate. In this context, it is important to effectively justify the cost of techno logy, to determine the scenario of their commercialization, providing a link between science and production.
The problem of value estimation of innovative tech nologies is being actively studied by world scientists and practitioners. The importance of this issue is emphasized in the documents of the leading international organiza tions engaged in the study of technological development of countries. For example, the estimation of innovative technologies is described in the context of the methodology for determining the competitiveness index of countries of the world [1], which is annually developed by the World Economic Forum. In particular, within the framework of the 12th component of the «Innovation» of this index, attention is focused on assessing the transfer of technolo gies originating from the university environment. In the «Global Information Technology Report 2016» [2] of this organization, considerable attention has been paid to the engine of modern technology transfer and the confirmation of the role of hightech enterprises created by universi ties. At the same time, many questions arise related to the estimation of technologies and their support during the transfer to the business environment.
In five groups of indicators «European scoreboard of innovation development» [3], attention is paid to the as sessment of interaction between research institutions and business. The effectiveness of such interaction primarily depends on economically justified value indicators, which are transferred from research institutions to business.
The complexity of modern market demand for techno logy assessment is growing faster than the corresponding methods are being developed for this. At present, a large number of manuals and models for technology estimation have been developed in the world. In particular, the Oslo Guidelines

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However, in Ukrainian realities it is not always possible to apply these developments, since they are more in line with the legal, socioeconomic, political features of their countries of origin.
The Law of Ukraine «On scientific and scientific and technical activities» [4] stipulates such types of technologies originating from the university: scientific result, scientific and applied result and scientific and technical products. Universities can transfer various types of technologies. Traditionally, Ukraine is considered a state with a strong scientific potential, recognized in the world by scientific schools. As a rule, universities submit the largest part in Ukraine from the total number of applications for the is suance of titles of protection. However, with a sufficiently high potential for technology generation, Ukrainian univer sities generally do not receive sufficient commercial results from this. The imperfection of the current methodological base for technology assessment and the overwhelming ab sence of technology transfer strategies in universities slow down their transfer to business environment.
In recent years, Ukrainian legislation has undergone significant progressive changes aimed at improving the efficiency of expertise and estimation of technologies deve loped in universities. However, it remains an open question to find such methods and models of technology estima tion, on the one hand, would take into account successful international practices, on the other, Ukrainian specifics.

The object of research and its technological audit
The subject of this research is methodical approaches to the estimation of innovative technologies. The object is the estimation of technologies developed in universities.
The Law of Ukraine «On scientific and scientific and technical activities» determines that scientific (scientific and technical) products are scientific and (or) scientific and applied result intended for implementation [4]. Ac cording to the content of the law, scientific and technical products received from universities, which are the result of research and development (R&D), must be suitable for implementation and generate commercial (social, envi ronmental, etc.) effect. This is reflected in P(S)BO 8 «In tangible assets» [5], according to which the intangible asset, which is contained in the scientific and technical products, is reflected in the balance sheet of the enter prise in case of probability of obtaining future economic benefits, associated with the use of this asset.
Importance of accounting for the benefits in the de velopment of technology and their transfer is confirmed by a number of other regulatory and legislative docu ments of Ukraine: - An estimation of scientific and technical products and determination of its economic efficiency is regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On Scientific and Scientific and Technical Expertise» [6], where it is stated that scientific and technical products are subject to examination, which is initiated and conducted by organizations and institu tions, this issue. It also stipulates that «... higher educa tion institutions certified by the central body of executive power that ensures the formation of state policy in the field of science (...) can carry out specialized expert acti vities without additional state accreditation on the basis of the statutory provisions by which such activities are supposed» [6]. Despite this, and taking into account the opportunities, gives the universities the Law of Ukraine «On Higher Education» -to be founders/cofounders of other legal entities, they can form educational, educational, research and production complexes, scientific parks and be part of the consortium [7]), the format of academic entrepreneurship of Ukrainian universities is determined. From such positions, the lever of successful entrepreneurial activity of universities is an effective estimation of the technologies generated by them.
The main normative and legal documents on techno logy assessment are: - -legal framework for assessing property, property rights and professional appraisal activities in Ukraine; -ensuring an independent assessment of property in order to protect the legitimate interests of the state and other subjects of legal relations in matters of esti mation of property, property rights and the use of their results. Traditionally, technology estimation is divided into two main stages: 1) qualitative estimation (reflects the properties of tech nology, the level of interaction of its individual components with other resources, etc.); 2) quantitative estimation (shows how to establish a qualitative estimation of assets).
According to the National Standard 4 «Evaluation of Property Rights of Intellectual Property» approved by De cree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 03. 10.200710. , No. 1185, it is recommended to use methodological approaches recognized in national and international practice for estimation of technologies: -expensive; -profitable (income); -market (comparative); -combined. TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 3/4(41), 2018 ISSN 2226-3780 The study of approaches to determining the value of technology has shown how traditional methodological ap proaches are reflected in normative and methodological docu ments developed and approved by state authorities ( Table 1).
The variety of normative and legal documents is de termined both by the specifics of technologies, their indi vidual characteristics, and by various estimation purposes and by subjects performing estimation. The importance of the problem of technology estimation developed in universities, given the promise of their com mercialization, is confirmed by the study of models of the functioning of universities in Ukraine [16]. Its results con firm that since the beginning of the XXI century in Ukraine dominates the German model of the functioning of uni versities, in which universities introduce progressive R&D into the needs of the market and develop advanced scien tific and educational programs to stimulate such work.

The aim and objectives of research
The aim of research is substantiation of methodological approaches to the cost estimation of innovative technolo gies developed at universities.
To achieve this aim, the article has the following ob jectives: 1. To clarify the cost method of cost estimation of technology by means of visibility for the planning of cost indicators and the application of individual price indices.
2. To offer methodical explications of cost estimation of technology from pricing methods.
3. To develop a matrix of the ratio of estimation indi cators, prices and profits based on explications of methods of cost estimation and pricing.

Research of existing solutions of the problem
The subject of cost estimation of technology and finding ways to successfully launch it into the market is a time requirement. Problems of cost estimation of scientific and technical products and intangible assets in particular are devoted to works [17][18][19]. However, these works do not reveal specific methodological tools for assessing the value of innovative technologies in the conditions of their transfer from universities to the business environment.
Themes of commercialization of research results, origina ting from the universities are represented in the works [20][21][22]. Approaches to the estimation of technologies in the context of academic entrepreneurship are mentioned in works [23][24][25]. However, scientists are mainly considering organizational and methodological aspects of commercialization and tech nology transfer. Instead, attention is not paid to specific methods of economic estimation of technologies.
The justification of various aspects of enrollment on the balance of technology universities is given in the pa pers [26][27][28][29]. Also partly the question is disclosed in the writings [28,30].
At the same time, in terms of the number of develop ments of scientists and practice, there are still no compre hensive methodological recommendations for the effective estimation of the variability of technology, developed in universities. The question of establishing the cost estimation of scientific and technical products when it is transferred to the university's balance remains open. In particular, in the case of the reexamination of rights to objects of industrial property rights, the provision of scientific and technical products in the form of contributions to the statutory fund jointly establishment of an enterprise, sale under a license, etc. Available methodological developments are fragmentary.
The spacing of the scientific search makes it possible to argue that the cost estimation of technology, developed in universities, now represents one of the most important problems in the area of academic entrepreneurship, as it is the basis for the further transfer of these technologies.
No doubt, there are many situations involving the cost estimation of technology and the objectively impossible dermal ones to describe a particular. However, it is advis able to create a certain set of formalized approaches that can be operated in different situations. There is a need to develop a technology estimation methodology that not only took into account the technology estimation, but would also provide different explications for such estimation.

Research results
Cost estimation of technology developed in universities is the basis for justifying the economic efficiency of the introduction of these technologies in the economic turnover of universities and, consequently, further operations with them. According to the «Procedure for determining the estimated value of objects of intellectual property rights that are in state ownership or were created (purchased) for public funds, with the purpose of enrolling in accounting» [11], specialists should be guided by a cost approach. Proceeding from the fact that university technologies contain, among other things, objects of industrial property law, which are largely impossible to assess by the methods of this ap proach, let's consider it incorrect to fix only this approach in this document. Not always the initial cost of technology can be reliably determined, based on the actual costs of its development and bringing it to commercial use with allowance for depreciation. This situation led to the need to consider a more costly approach and make certain ad justments aimed at improving the situation.
It is necessary to take into account that the object of industrial property law prevails among other objects within the technology of universities. Its estimate (C e ) in the framework of the cost approach can be defined as follows [27]: where C t -cost estimation of the industrial property object in the tth year of the settlement period, monetary TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 3/4(41), 2018

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unit; t i -the initial year of the accounting period (the initial year of the operation of exclusive rights to the industrial property object); t f -the final year of the accounting period (the year of calculating the value of the industrial property object); σ t -the coefficient of bringing differentvalued cost estimates to the level of the calculated year; K a -the coefficient that takes into account the degree of moral aging of the industrial pro perty object (for inventions, industrial designs and uti lity models); K b -bonification coefficient (coefficient of technical and economic significance, only for inventions) of the industrial property object. However, this technique can be used only to determine the approximate value of the industrial property object. On the one hand, it involves taking into account the dif ference in cost estimates, their erection to the level of the calculated year. On the other hand, to predict future periods of certain types of costs planned for the develop ment, production and promotion of industrial property, in practice, objectively difficult, and sometimes impossible. To effectively evaluate the value of industrial property objects, there is a need to justify the costs in the frame work of this approach.
It is proposed to update the cost parameters for the years of the calculation period by applying the correc tive elements of the current prices. Most of all, current prices are set for products with a long production pro cess. During a long production period, there are almost always changes in prices caused by environmental factors: an increase in the minimum wage, fluctuations in infla tion, fuel and raw materials prices, electricity, and the like. So, accounting for annual changes in those items of expenditure that have the largest share in cost, will contribute to its precise form. Mathematically, the method for determining the current price ( ) P c is described thus: where P bas -the base price of the product, monetary unit; S 1 -specific weight of fixed costs in cost price, %; S 2 -spe cific weight of expenses for raw materials and materials, %; S 3 -specific weight of labor costs, %; S 4 -specific weight of expenses for fuel and energy, %; m 1 and m 0 -the cost of raw materials and materials in the reporting and refe rence periods, gr. unit; o 1 and o 0 -the cost of pay in the reporting and reference period, monetary unit; e 1 and e 0 -the cost of fuel and energy in the reporting and reference periods, monetary unit. Let's note that expression (2) describes a twoyear pe riod: the reference and reporting years are indicated. Period, of course, can be long. In particular, a long production process is characteristic for the development and manu facturing of industrial property objects. Using method (2), costs in the cost of technology can be adjusted using ap propriate coefficients. However, it is necessary to specify the instruments for adjusting the economic elements of the conditional variables and conditionally fixed expenses.
Drawing on theoretical and practical research of scien tists, tools for adjusting economic elements of costs in the cost of technology have been identified and considered. In particular, the inflation index reflects depreciation of the national monetary unit (determined by reference books, which are annually developed and submitted by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine). Accounting for this indica tor is important because it uses consumer and wholesale price indicators, indicators of monthly, quarterly and an nual changes in the monetary costs necessary to purchase consumer goods and services by the population. This is an instrument necessary to adjust both the conditionally variable and the conditionally fixed costs of manufacturing an industrial property object at the university.
Important factors in cost management are accounting for changes in the value of the minimum wage and, ac cordingly, all types of charges on it, and changes in prices for fuel and electricity (all figures are determined from data from the State Budget of Ukraine).
In addition, the indices of cost (revenue, turnover) of the enterprise and indices of the physical volume of products are used. A certain influence is exerted by the risk factor at various stages of the production process.
Additionally, it is expedient to propose an individual index of the university to determine the change in prices for materials used by it for manufacturing this industrial property object for a certain period of time. Let's offer the expression: A similar index for the content is useful application and clarification of the economic elements of the item «raw materials» in the cost of production, for example: where І r -the individual price index for the raw materials of the enterprise; P n r 1 -the price of raw materials (it is advisable to count on each corresponding nkind of raw materials from the set of its ntypes) in the reporting year, monetary unit; P n r 0 -the price of raw materials (nraw material from a variety of ntypes of raw materials) in the base year, monetary unit.
When using expression (2), the question arises for determining the base price of the product ( ). P bas There are many methods of establishing such price, depending on the specifics of the production process, enterprise or industry. However, for the case with the formation of a base price for an industrial property object that is con sidered innovative, insufficient attention has been paid to the existing scientific and practical literature.
In the case of the formation of a base price for an improved, improved object of industrial property, it is expedient to apply parametric pricing, in particular, the method of sequential accounting of numerical values of parameters in the price. ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИЙ АУДИТ ТА РЕЗЕРВИ ВИРОБНИЦТВА -№ 3/4(41), 2018

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Mathematically, the model of parametric pricing for a new industrial property object has the form: where P new -the price of new products, which it is neces sary to determine, monetary unit; P ex i -price of the ith existing product, which is known and used as a basis for comparison, gr. unit; Pr , new Pr ex i -the values of the parame ters of the new product and ith existing products; kpower factor of braking, taking into account the backlog of the product price from the increase in the numerical value of a certain selected parameter.
The above expression takes into account the correc tion factors for each of the products participating in the comparison. In particular, if there are parameters a, b, c, d for comparing the industrial property object with other similar products, then the correction factors, for example, for the four compared products are defined as follows: 1) parameter a: ; 2) parameter b: ; (8) 4) parameter d: .
Taking into account the coefficients determined in this way, the prices of four products are given: Then the price of a new industrial property object will be the arithmetic mean of the four abovementioned prices of analog objects.
However, the proposed refinements for expression (2) can be applied in the case of the formation of the value of such industrial property objects, for which it is pos sible to find analogues, to pick up similar objects. The disadvantage of the method is that in practice it is rather difficult to find such information.
On the other hand, it is obvious that the base price (P bas ) is the price at the breakeven point, that is, equal to the total planned costs for the production of the industrial property object in the period t р . This assumption is also confirmed by the fact that the final price is formed after the end of the entire production period. That is, it is quite justified to consider it in the corresponding period P C bas t = . Then, carrying out the corresponding transformations with the expressions (1) and (2), let's obtain: The «bottleneck» of the method is that the specific weight of expenses in the cost structure can also vary in each accounting period, and this requires additional calculations.
In the practice of estimating the cost of innovative pricing technologies, it is considered most effective when costeffective, profitable and comparative methodological approaches are used together. Knowing, by the costly me thod, the limits of setting prices for technology, using methods of a comparative approach, it is possible to de termine the price permissible on it in the market. For this purpose, it is expedient to apply the method of distribu tion of 100 points, as a subset of the group of methods of parametric pricing. This method is most often used to adjust the price of products compared to competitors. After all, it allows to accurately assess the competitive position of technologies developed in universities. The prices calculated by this method are more aimed at re flecting the place of technologies developed in universities among competitors, and also provide an opportunity to form a marketing component of the price strategy.
Next to this, to clarify the results of the comparative methodological approach to estimate the cost of technology,

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it is advisable to use the method of parametric pricing, in particular, its subspecies -the method of sequential accounting in the price of numerical values of the para meters (5).
As already noted, in the case of transfer to the balance of technologies developed in universities, during the cost estimation, the requirement of applying methods within the cost approach is mandatory. However, when plan ning the commercialization of technology, the question arises -in which the optimal profit margin from the commercialization of technology will be achieved from the costcostpricecalculation options. If rely on the ob tained results of cost estimation on the cost approach and apply these results in pricing methods, it is possible to construct such matrix - Fig. 1. he matrix shows the variants of the expected income in one or another of the following methods.
The profit margin is approximate, since it is deter mined by the stage of preparing the technology for trans fer. However, even such data allow to better assess the commercial attractiveness of the technology.
Let's note the choice of this or that variant of the in terrelation of these indicators will give the value of profit, which is expedient to compare with the previously calculated level of breakeven technology. The choice of the estima tion method, as well as the choice of price, depends on the situa tion that currently exists in the market, from the specifics of the university and the specifics of the tech nologies that they generate. The proposed approach to the selection of methods for estimation of technology and their correlation with pricing methods makes it possible to justify management decisions on the implementation of business operations with technologies developed in universities.

SWOT analysis of research results
Strengths. Strengths of this method of cost estimation of technology in the cost approach are: -high level of accuracy of forecasting of economic elements of expenses in structure of the cost price of an object; -possibility to take into account when planning ex penditures: a) specially designed for such purposes, correcting eco nomic and statistical indicators, as well as approved by the state level of the magnitude of individual eco nomic elements of costs, and other adjustments that are subject to calculation; b) application of the proposed individual price indica tors of the enterprise. This allows to use this method in strategic planning. Based on the proposed matrix, the ratio of the cost estimation, price and profit indicators based on explications of estimation methods and pricing can justify the technology transfer scenario.
The calculations are carried out with the help of this matrix on the examples of the technologies of the Lviv Polytechnic National University (Ukraine) have shown that accurate estimates can be achieved by applying the specified cost method (14) and pricing methods based on parameter comparisons (Fig. 1, columns 2 and 3).
Weaknesses. Within the specified cost method, the share of costs in the cost of technology can vary in different ac counting periods, which will require ad ditional regulation.
The amount of profit obtained on the basis of the use of the author's matrix is the ratio of the estimation indicators, price and profit is approximate and can be used for preliminary calculations.
Opportunities. The specified method of cost estimation of technology within the cost approach is developed taking into account the requirements of the existing regulatory and legal documents, allows to obtain a more accurate estimate of the object. It is important when enrolling tech nology on the balance of the university. The proposed methodical explication of cost estima tion of technologies with pricing methods is the basis for choosing the scenario for further transfer of these technologies.
Methodical explorations can be used as a tool for de ciding whether to start a particular R&D. This approach is the basis for development of other methods of economic estimation of technology.
Threats. The proposed refinements for expression (2) can be applied in the case of the formation of the cost of such technologies for which analogues can be found, which in practice is difficult.
The value of the profit within the matrix ratio of estimation indicators, prices and profits should be com pared with the previously calculated level of breakeven technology.  -inflation index reflects depreciation of the national currency; -individual price index for materials and raw mate rials of the enterprise; -index of changes in the value of the minimum wage and, accordingly, of all types of charges on it, and changes in prices for fuel and electricity. In addition to these, it is possible to apply: indices of value (revenue, turnover) of the enterprise and indices of the physical volume of products. It is also advisable to apply an individual index of the university to determine the change in prices for materials used by it for manufacturing this industrial property object for a certain period of time. The advantage of the refined method is a high level of accuracy in forecasting economic elements of costs in the cost of the industrial property object, making it possible to use this technique in planning for a long period. The disadvantage of the method is that the specific weight of expenses in the cost structure can also vary in each ac counting period, which will require additional calculations.
2. To achieve a high level of accuracy in evaluating the competitive positions of technologies developed at universities, the following are proposed: -methodical explications of cost estimation of tech nologies (costly methodical approach («Expenses + % of profit»); -comparative methodical approach based on para metric pricing; -comparative methodical approach based on the con sistent accounting in the price of numerical values of parameters) and pricing methods (cost method («Ex penses +»); -cost method, taking into account the bonification and the cost of security documents; -specified cost method (taking into account the cor rective coefficients of economic elements of costs in the cost structure). The choice of explication for assessing a significant degree depends on the situation, at the relevant moment it has developed in the market, from the university and the features of the technologies that they generate.
Methodical explications can be used as a tool for de ciding the feasibility of initiating certain R & D. The ap proach is the basis for development of other methods of economic estimation of technology.
3. The matrix of the ratio of the estimation indicators, prices and profits is developed on the basis of the developed methodological explications of estimation and pricing. The matrix is challenged to justify the managerial decisions of the estimated technologies (from the stage of enrolling to the balance of universities to the stage of transfer and dis semination in the market for these technologies). The matrix is a tool to support the technology transfer scenarios.