ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE OPEN DEVELOPMENT OF NON-METALLIC DEPOSITS OF USEFUL MINERALS

Объектом исследования является экологическая безопасность функционирования горных предприятий. Одним из самых проблемных мест являются значительные различия горно-геологических условий и геометрических параметров карьеров, тип и техническое состояние горно-транспортного оборудования, применяемого на горных предприятиях, а также потребность доработки запасов в условиях уменьшенной санитарно-защитной зоны. Изменения процедуры оценки воздействия на окружающую среду планируемой деятельности горными предприятиями должны предусматривать разработку и внедрение дополнительных технологических решений, которые будут способствовать уменьшению загрязнения прилегающих территорий. Поэтому возникает необходимость в разработке унифицированных подходов, использование которых позволит анализировать технологические процессы горных предприятий и выявлять более опасные с экологической точки зрения, на которых образуются значительные объемы выбросов загрязняющих веществ. В ходе исследования проанализированы три типовые технологические схемы разработки месторождений скальных строительных материалов, отличающихся производительностью производства и объемами выбросов загрязняющих веществ на прилегающие территории. Установлено, что использование ленточных конвейеров позволяет уменьшить зону влияния предприятия на экологическое состояние прилегающих территорий и минимизировать экологические риски функционирования горных предприятий. Для локализации выбросов загрязняющих веществ на территории горного предприятия обоснованно схемы размещения мобильных и передвижных дробильно-сортировочных установок в карьере непосредственно в забоях или на рабочих площадках. Это позволит уменьшить уровни загрязнения окружающей среды и повысить комфортность проживания населения на территории горнопромышленных регионов. Благодаря применению современных методов исследования, методов картографического моделирования, научного прогнозирования и использованию компьютерных программ разработаны оптимальные экологобезопасные технологии разработки месторождений. Их применение позволит уменьшить объемы выбросов загрязняющих веществ за пределы санитарно-защитной зоны и улучшить экологический имидж горного предприятия. Такие подходы будут способствовать удачному прохождению экологического аудита горных предприятий, получению международных экологических сертификатов и освоению новых рынков сбыта продукции.


Introduction
In Ukraine, more than 40 % of nonmetallic solid mineral deposits are located near populated areas, industrial and public facilities, along the borders of territories of natural cultural reserves and other public facilities [1,2]. About 3,000 deposits of such mineral raw materials as limestone, dolomite, granite, migmatite, gneiss, amphibolite, syenite, sandstone and others have been registered for the current period. Therefore, there is a need for their development, now and in the future, even when located within the regulatory sanitary protection zone (SPZ). These minerals are deve loped using drilling and blasting grinding of rocks [3,4]. Therefore, the SPZ size is set at more than 1000 m [5]. Most of the natural mineral raw materials used for the production of building materials, chemical raw materials, and agricultural fertilizers are mined and processed under conditions of a reduced SPZ [6][7][8]. Under these conditions, mining enterprises put forward requirements to reduce the degree of pollution of air, water, soil and other environ mental components to the level of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), i. e. safe for public health [9][10][11].
The main technical and technological measures to re duce the harmful impact of the production processes of mining enterprises on the environment are defined as fol lows [5,10,11]: -creation of explosive crushing of rocks ecologically safe using emulsion explosives, which form water vapor as a result of chemical transformation in the process of blasting rocks. As well as the initiation of charges of a special design with the help of safe seismic and percussion actions to the systems «Impulse» (Shostka state plant «Impulse», Ukraine), «Nonel» (Nitro Nobel, Sweden) and others; -performance of excavation and loading operations in the bottoms of quarries with the previous irrigation of the rock mass with water solutions for sawmilling and similar irrigation of the transport routes of the quarry; -carriage of rocks by wheel transport, which is equipped with reliable devices for capturing and neutralizing ex haust gases from burning diesel fuel over short distances or electrified types of transport (belt conveyors); -processing of rocks into finished products on mobile and portative crushing and screening plants (MCSP, TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 5/3(43), 2018 ISSN 2226-3780 PCSP), which are placed in a quarry directly in slaugh terhouses or at work sites. This allows to localize harmful dustgas emissions into the atmosphere in the territory of the open space; -storage of mining waste (opening rocks, processing waste -screenings) in internal dumps (depleted space); -full development of all balance and offbalance re serves of nonmetallic mineral raw materials to the economically and environmentally sound depth within the existing boundaries of the career field; -reclamation of disturbed lands in agricultural and forestry directions, their recreation and revitalization. One of the newest and littlestudied among the above activities in the extraction and processing of nonmetallic mineral raw materials should be the introduction and imple mentation of technology using MCSP, PCSP. At the present stage of the development of this technology, MCSP, PCSP complexes are placed in a quarry at temporarily nonworking sites or at the bottom of the hole. The finished products from them are delivered by dump trucks to the cumulative surface transfer structure of the open quarry (TOQ). At this TOQ, dispatch of finished product fractions to main types of transport (railway trains, heavy vehicles) for delivery to consumers is carried out. An example would be the quarries for the limestone extraction, developing in Tiaginka (Kherson region) and Ternopil deposits. However, it is known from literary sources [5,10] that finished or partially processed products from the site with MCSP, PCSP can be discharged with an environmentally safe belt conveyor to the surface of the quarry where the main transport vehicles are loaded. Similar technological schemes are developed for powerful ore opencast quarries on which they are successfully applied.
For the conditions of the development of solid non metallic minerals, which differ in the capacity of quarries and the type of mining transport equipment, the techno logical solutions have not been investigated. In addition, the vast majority of mining enterprises operate at small distances from settlements and their activities lead to a deterioration of the ecological status of mining regions.
Considering that the expediency of using MCSP, PCSP in the quarries under study was proved in [5,10], an urgent task is substantiation of the environmentally friendly tech nological schemes for delivering finished products from the quarry and their delivering to the main transport vehicles. That is why the environmental justification of technological schemes for the development of mineral resources that are optimal for enterprises and the environment is relevant.

The object of research and its technological audit
The object of research is the environmental safety of the functioning of mining enterprises. The hazard level of mining depends on the resourceintensive technolo gies, they are used on them, as well as the effectiveness of used environmental protection measures. Extraction of minerals is accompanied by a complex negative impact on the components of the environment -formation of significant volumes of waste, pollution of atmospheric air, water bodies, as well as soil.
One of the most problematic places there are significant differences in the mining and geological conditions and geometrical parameters of the quarries, the type and techni cal condition of the mining and transportation equipment used in mining enterprises, as well as the need to refine reserves in a reduced SPZs. Changes in the procedure for assessing the environmental impact of a planned activity by mining enterprises should include the development and implementation of additional technological solutions that will help reduce pollution in the adjacent territories. There fore, there is a need to develop standardized approaches, the use of which will allow analyzing the technological processes of mining enterprises and be more dangerous from an environmental point of view, where significant amounts of pollutant emissions are generated. This will make it possible to substantiate the technological schemes for the extraction and transportation of rock mass and minerals with minimal formation of pollutants and, ac cordingly, will contribute to improving the environmental image of the mining enterprise.

The aim and objectives of research
The aim of research is substantiation of the environ mentally friendly technological schemes for the delivery, transfer, accumulation and dispatching of finished products to the main transport means when developing nonmetallic mineral deposits using MCSP, PCSP.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: 1. To determine the features of the use of MCSP, PCSP on typical nonmetallic quarries by environmental indicators.
2. To substantiate typical technological schemes for the development of deposits of rocky building materials, the use of which with minimal costs will ensure high production efficiency and reduce pollution of the adjacent territories.

Research of existing solutions of the problem
The longterm operation of mining enterprises in Ukraine is accompanied by the formation of multifactor impacts on environmental components and the emergence of envi ronmental risks at various stages of open quarry mining.
The authors of [12,13] investigate the features of con trolling the processes of grinding rocks by choosing the parameters of the well design and their recharging. The optimal parameters of blasting operations are determined, allowing to determine economically grounded technological schemes for the transportation of minerals to the earth's surface. The work does not take into account the environ mental features of the application of the proposed mining and transportation system.
According to the authors of work [14], the most ef fective development of mineral resources can be provided with draglines. But this approach has no technical and economic prospects for use in open quarries for the ex traction of nonmetallic mineral raw materials.
The work [15] describes the features of creating a system of environmental and economic management of technological processes for the restoration of areas damaged by quarries. The solutions proposed by the authors require significant changes in technological equipment and financial costs.
In [16,17], technological schemes for transporting rock mass using conveyors are justified, but the proposed solutions are very difficult to implement on working boards of quarries.
In the studies of the authors of work [18], the crite ria for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental hazard of industrial enterprises are considered during the ISSN 2226-3780 environmental impact assessment procedure. The proposed approaches need to be adapted to the new requirements of the legislation in the field of the environmental impact assessment procedure of the proposed activity.
In [19,20], methodological approaches to the integrated assessment of the environmental safety of natural and man made complexes are considered. The developed approaches require consideration of the scale and consequences of the negative impact of mining enterprises on the ecological status of mining regions.
The authors of [21] substantiate the ex pediency of using information and analytical systems to predict the environmental risks of the operation of industrial facilities. The proposed solutions require consideration of the features of mining and transportation systems and technological schemes for the development of fields, including environ mental criteria.
Most of the reviewed papers allow to identify and solve certain problems of mana ging the environmental safety of technologi cal processes in the development of mineral deposits. But it is necessary to take into account that in order to develop optimal ecologically safe technologies for the deli very of overload, accumulation and shipment of finished products, it is necessary to take into account the conditions of the quarry location, availability of financial resources, as well as changes in environmental legis lation.
Thus, the results of the analysis allow to conclude that in order to reduce the impact of mining enterprises on the environment, it is necessary to substantiate the requirements for technological schemes for the develop ment of mineral resources taking into account environ mental criteria.

Methods of research
When performing research the following methods are used: -analytical -to assess effective options and solutions, determine the level of a rational mining and transport system; -statistical -to summarize and predict the volume of excavation of rocks in systematic nonmetallic de posits; -graphicanalytical -for the design of the studied and recommended technological schemes; -technical and environmental analysis and forecasting in the justification of appropriate technological and organizational solutions. The use of modern research methods, methods of car tographic modeling and scientific forecasting, as well as statistical data processing using computer programs, allows to develop optimal ecologically safe field development technologies.

Research results
Studies [5,10] prove the feasibility of the phased de velopment of nonmetallic solid mineral deposits with the mining of rocks with large excavation layers. Complexes of MCSP, PCSP are placed on concentration horizons, as a rule, on the lower of the 2-3rd species, in a steep layer, a mining ledge. MCSP, PCSP are positioned so that the distance of transportation of the rock mass from the face of this ledge by a wheel loader is minimal, or at the face when excavating rocks from the face by an excavator (Fig. 1).
Mineral from the top of other ledges is delivered to MCSP, PCSP through rock descents on the slopes of ho rizons and through transport berms and crossing tracks.
After processing on MCSP, PCSP, finished products are fractionally accumulated in conical piles near the installa tion at the ledge site. From these piles, product fractions are shipped for further transportation to the surface. The following technological schemes are considered: Scheme A -fractions on MCSP (PCSP) are loaded into mining dump trucks by wheel loader. Dump trucks deliver crushed stone and sand fraction to the TOQ surface of the pile type with conveyors in the gallery, to which the products are supplied with a vibration mechanism: vibratory feeders with active side platforms. Production of the specified conveyor is loaded into the means of main transport (the current technological scheme).
Scheme B -on the lateral nonworking board of the quarry (in semitrench or on pylons) lifting conveyor is installed (Fig. 2).
The lifting conveyor is connected to the discharge pile conveyor of intraquarry TOQ. TOQ pile is divided by sections for the accumulation of finished product frac tions, each section is equipped with a vibrating feeder for output to the discharge conveyor. Dispatched products are supplied to the surface by means of trunk transport by a lifting conveyor. To the TOQ, the fractions are deli vered by dump trucks, which are loaded onto the MCSP by wheel loaders.
Scheme C -MCSP, PCSP installed at the bottom of the concentration horizon. In the immediate vicinity of the place of the bunker mobile section connected to a mobile conveyor loader (MCL). MCL has the ability to transfer the finished product fraction to the upper platform of the ledge from the bottom, as well as to the bottomhole conveyor or to another MCL. The belt conveyor system in the working area of the quarry delivers finished prod ucts to the side TOQ, similar to the structural layout, as in scheme B. From TOQ, finished product fractions are delivered with a underpile conveyor to the elevating conveyor (Fig. 2), which is directly involved in loading the main types of transport on a surface. According to the results of the study [10] in the working area of non metallic quarries, it is advisable to use several MCLs to transfer finished products from MCSP, PCSP to the side TOQ. The MCL bunker mobile section, which is located at the MCSP, PCSP loaded by wheel loaders. Supply of finished products from conical piles of MCSP, PCSP to the side TOQ is carried out fractionally. The studied technological sche mes B and C are equipped with side TOQ of the pilevertebral type. In scheme B, the TOQ sections are loaded (formed) by wheel loaders (Fig. 1) by unloading buckets from a shunting platform located at the level of the spine of the pile (Fig. 3). When implementing Scheme C, simi lar in design layout, TOQ is formed by an overpile conveyor (Fig. 3).
The TOQ of the described type in the first period of operation of the quarry is placed under the non working side, leaving for this a sui table site -the site, hence some volumes of minerals under this site are preserved. After the formation of the internal dump of overburden and other waste in the developed space of the firststage open quarry, the said TOQ site is equipped on this dump. At the same time, the lifting conveyor is transferred to the slope of the internal blade, where its route is preformed according to the re commendations [10]. Upon comple tion of these works, it is possible to work out the preserved reserves of raw materials under the semitrench of lifting conveyor and the TOQ platform under the side board.
Thus, in schemes B and C, all the processes of mining, processing and dispatching of finished products, as well as the transportation of rocks and products are carried out within the quarry field. The only exception is the process of loading fractions of finished products in the means of main transport. In scheme A, the accumulation of the finished product and its overload on the TOQ is also carried out on the daily surface. At the same time, in schemes B and C, the majority of transportation is car ried out by environmentally friendly (acceptable) conveyor transport. Carrying out all the pro duction processes in the career space in compliance with the above technical and technological measures to reduce their harmful effects, it is possible to minimize it as much as possible.
There is no doubt that the main criterion for the selection of the technological schemes under consideration when applying them on the presented nonmetallic quarries should be an environmental criterion. Such criterion can be the concentration of the main pollutants (according to [10]) in the atmosphere within the reduced to 300-400 m SPZ from the quarry boundaries. Also important is the level of noise from the production processes within the specified limits (Table 1). Selected technological schemes must comply with envi ronmental safety requirements. Therefore, their assessment should be carried out according to environmental criteria. These criteria can be considered taking into account the minimum amount of emissions of harmful substances (dust, gas) into the atmosphere. When performing calculations of indicators of environmental criteria, emissions of gas, harmful substances and dust formation were taken in the course of transport operations.
As a result of the research it is found that the best indicators of industrial, economic and environmental cri teria have technological schemes B and C. This can be explained by the fact that most of the traffic is carried out by environmentally friendly (acceptable) conveyor transport.
It is established that the maximum concentrations of pollutants at the border of the SPZ and the residential area for the studied technological schemes B and C do not exceed the MPC. So, the prospect of introducing on existing Ukrainian nonmetallic quarries of solid minerals with reduced size of the SPZ technological schemes for the development of option B and C, taking into account environmental factors, is undoubted.
Thus, the most environmentally safe is the development of deposits of rocky building materials when using the first parts of the MCSP (PCSP) in quarries, issuing fragmented rock mass to the surface by conveyor transport. The manu facture of varietal finished products occurs on the surface by sorting it on stationary or semistationary screening in stallations. Fractions of finished products are delivered from warehouses to other vehicles for delivery to consumers. Improvement of technological schemes is recommended to ensure efficient production within dense residential buildings, or reduced sanitary protection zones, with a mini mum acceptable environmental load on the environment. Technological bases for mining in technogenically loaded regions of Ukraine have been developed to ensure minimal impact of mining enterprises on the environment. In ad dition, the use of an integrated approach due to the need to establish environmental, tech nological and economic criteria that determine the direction of further use of mining areas.

SWOT analysis of research results
Strengths. The proposed ap proach allows to assess various schemes of mining and trans portation of rock mass to the surface according to the results of the impact of a certain tech nological process on the environ ment. Reasonable technological schemes can solve the problem of reducing the negative impact of mining enterprises on the en vironment. Planning of mining objects will reduce the level of its conflict component in the aspect of the formation of envi ronmental costs and the targeted use of manmade landscapes. The use of conveyor transport will not only contribute to the reduction of emissions of pollutants, but will also provide further optimization of the processes of internal and external dumping. This, in turn, will not only reduce the seizure and loss of land resources, but also allow for timely implementation of measures to revitalize postmining territories.
Weaknesses. The environmental danger of openquarry mining of nonmetallic mineral resources depends on many factors: the parameters of the quarries, the power and type of mining equipment, the location of the quarry in relation to the residential zone and the like. Production activities of a mining enterprise are accompanied by nega tive impacts on environmental components. The increase in the level of pollution of environmental objects can cause the occurrence of ecologicaldependent diseases among the population living in the areas of mining.
To solve the problem of reducing the negative impact of mining enterprises on the environment, the problem arises of optimizing technological schemes for mining and transporting mineral resources. To determine the optimal parameters of the technological scheme of mining, it is necessary to involve engineering and technical personnel of mining enterprises, scientists, and also representatives of environmental organizations. This, in turn, increases the cost of production, but will reduce the negative im pact on the environment and improve the environmental image of the company.
Opportunities. Research results form a methodological approach to the selection and justification of technologi cal schemes for the placement of mining equipment in open quarries, which ensures a minimal impact on the ecological condition of the adjacent territories. The ob tained results require periodic adjustments to meet the requirements of changes in legislation on environmental impact assessment, strategic environmental assessment and other regulatory documents. ISSN 2226-3780 The use of research results will allow the company to timely identify environmentally hazardous technological processes of production and reduce pollution levels in the surrounding areas. This, in turn, will improve the working conditions of the company's employees, as well as reduce the number of environmentalrelated diseases in the population of mining cities, and will enhance the social responsibility of the enterprise and ensure its sustainable functioning.
This allows the company to quickly identify critical from an environmental point of view, technological pro cesses and timely implement appropriate environmental measures. Such approaches will contribute to the green ing of the mining industry, the successful passage of the environmental audit of mining companies, obtaining in ternational environmental certificates and, accordingly, the development of new markets for products. The results can also be used to solve environmental problems of the functioning of mining enterprises in other countries.
Threats. In order to implement effective environmental protection measures in the field of the development of mineral deposits, there is a need to attract an environmental specialist to the staff of the enterprise. The environmental specialist will ensure timely monitoring of the emissions of pollutants by justifying ways to minimize them, as well as developing ways to reduce the environmental hazard of the mining enterprise. The implementation of most en vironmental protection technologies at mining enterprises is limited by the need for largescale modernization of technological schemes for the development of deposits, as well as the updating of relevant technological equip ment. It should be noted that in most cases, enterprises do not have sufficient material and technical capabilities to implement environmental protection measures. That's why the technological schemes developed by the authors ensure the achievement of relevant environmental indica tors with minimal enterprise downtime and financial costs.

Conclusions
1. It is proved that the placement of mobile and por tative crushing and screening plants in a quarry directly in the face or on the work sites allows localizing harmful dust and gas emissions into the atmosphere on the terri tory of the mining enterprise. The expediency of the use of MCSP, PCSP in typical nonmetallic quarries according to environmental indicators has been substantiated.
2. Three typical technological schemes have been de veloped for the development of deposits of rocky building materials, differing in production capacity and emissions of pollutants to adjacent territories. It has been estab lished that the use of belt conveyors (with placement both on nonworking and working sides of the quarry) allows reducing the environmental risks of the functioning of mining enterprises. The maximum concentrations of pol lutants at the SPZ border and the residential area for these technological schemes do not exceed the MPC. This will reduce environmental pollution levels and increase the comfort of living in the mining regions.
The use of technological schemes for the development of option B and C in the Ukrainian and foreign nonme tallic quarries of solid minerals with reduced sizes of the sanitary protection zone is environmentally sound. Typical technological schemes for the extraction and processing of nonmetallic mineral raw materials have been proposed that can be used both at existing mining enterprises and at those that are being designed and are planned to be launched in cramped conditions of dense development of settlements.