RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF ULTRASOUND ON THE EXTRACTION PROCESS OF VEGETABLE OIL

Об’єктом дослідження є процес екстракції олії без використання та з використанням ультразвуку для різних розчинників і видів рослинної сировини. Екстракція олії забезпечує максимальне обезжирювання рослинної сировини в порівнянні з іншими методами, зокрема механічним пресуванням. Процес екстракції здійснюється шляхом масопереносу і складається з масовіддачі з поверхні твердих частинок попередньо подрібненої рослинної сировини та молекулярної дифузії всередині частинок. Масовіддача з поверхні твердих частинок в розчин залежить від гідродинамічних умов омивання частинок і відбувається головним чином за рахунок конвективної дифузії. Для інтенсифікації процесу екстракції олії з рослинної сировини використовуються різноманітні фізичні фактори, але найбільш перспективним є ультразвук. В ході дослідження використовувалася ультразвукова установка УЗП-6-1 (виробник: Медпромприлад, Україна). Екстракція олії з насіння льону проводилась екстракційним бензином та метиленхлоридом, а для соєвого жмиху використовувався метиленхлоридом. Для порівняльної оцінки впливу ультразвуку на процес екстракції олії з різної сировини для насінням льону та жмиху сої проводились досліди без використання ультразвуку. Отримані результати досліджень показали, що при екстракції метиленхлоридом з насіння льону і соєвого жмиху в умовах ультразвуку вихід олії збільшується. Це пов’язано з тим, що під дією ультразвукових хвиль виникає рух рідини навколо твердих частинок, за рахунок змінного потужного ультразвукового тиску і гідравлічних ударів у мить схлопування кавітаційних каверн. Ультразвукова кавітація чинить руйнівну дію на тверді частинки і призводить до виникнення додаткових мікротріщин на поверхні. Це сприяє прискоренню дифузійного переносу маси всередині твердих частинок. Завдяки цьому забезпечується можливість скоротити тривалість процесу екстракції і збільшити продуктивність екстракційного обладнання. Так, при екстракції олії з подрібненого насіння льону метиленхлоридом в умовах ультразвуку вихід олії збільшився на 4,5 %. Ключові слова: ультразвукова екстракція олії розчинниками, екстракційний бензин, метиленхлорид з подрібненого насіння льону і соєвого жмиху. Karachun V., Ruzhinska L., Ostapenko Zh.


Introduction
To date, the most common methods for extracting oil are the method of mechanical pressing of raw materials and oil extraction with solvents [1].By pressing the oil is excluded from the raw materials under the action of compressive external forces created in the presses.This method provides the extraction of high quality oil, however, when pressed, 8-14 % of the oil remains in the cake [2].Solvent extraction allows the oil to be removed, leaving 0.5-0.7 % [3] in the raw material and can be used for raw materials with a low oil content, as well as for the final removal of the oil from the press cake after pressing.It is known work in which the results of the use of both pure solvents and mixtures [4].Recently, studies of the extraction of oil from raw materials, such as ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, have become widespread [5][6][7].The results of the study of ultrasonic extraction given in the literature [8][9][10] show that this process provides higher selectivity, has a shorter duration, reduces energy consumption and harmful emissions into the environment and also carried out in the equipment, the design of which is much simpler than equipment for pressing.In addition, ultrasonic extraction allows to obtain oil of higher quality than simple extraction.This method is considered environmentally friendly, since most of the solvent used for extraction can be restored.At the same time, there is practically no data in the literature that allows to establish and compare quantitative characteristics of the oil yield in extraction processes without using and using ultrasound for various solvents and types of raw materials.This determines the relevance of this study.So, the object of research is the process of oil extraction without using and using ultrasound for solvents such as extraction gasoline and methylene chloride from crushed flax seeds and soybean meal.And the aim of research is establishing quantitative characteristics, to compare the yield of oil from crushed flax seeds and soybean meal during extraction under ultrasound conditions.

Methods of research
To study the effect of ultrasound on the process of oil extraction, experiments were carried out with and without ultrasonic installation with crushed flax seeds and soybean meal.Extraction of oil from flax seeds was carried out by extraction with gasoline and methylene chloride, and for soybean meal -with methylene chloride.
The methodology for conducting an experiment to study the process of extracting oil from crushed flax seeds without using ultrasound was as follows.50 g of flax seeds were weighted.The seeds were grind in a mortar.The seeds were poured into a sealed glass dish.50 g (63 ml) of methylene TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 1/3(45), 2019 ISSN 2226-3780 chloride were poured.Hermetic lid was closed.The dishes were intensively shaken so that all the seeds get wet and left to undergo the extraction process.
When carrying out the extraction with ultrasound, an ultrasonic emitter UZP-6-1 (MEDPROMPRYLAD, Ukraine) with a frequency of 36 kHz ultrasonic waves and an installation power of 650 W was used.
Pre-weighed and chopped flax seeds poured into a sealed beaker, poured 50 g (63 ml) of methylene chloride, closed with an airtight lid.The glass was fixed in a tripod (Fig. 1) so that the seeds were completely in the water, and the glass did not touch the plant.Ultrasonic installation worked for 15 minutes After turning off the installation, the glass was removed from the tripod.The content of the glass was filtered through filter paper.To isolate the oil from the solution, a solvent distillation process was used.
To compare the effect of ultrasound on the oil extraction process, extraction with gasoline and methylene chloride in two glasses filled with 25 g of raw material.63 ml (50 g) of methylene chloride was added to the first and third glasses, 50 ml (35.25 g) of extraction gasolineto the second and fourth glasses.The third and fourth glasses were placed in an ultrasound unit for 40 minutes.
In the study of the extraction of oil from spent soybean (Fig. 2), 25 g of raw materials were poured into six glasses in six glasses and 50 g (63 ml) of methylene chloride was added.

Fig. 2. Weighing of processed soybean
In the first and second glasses extraction was carried out for 1 and 2 minutes, respectively.The third and fourth glasses were placed in an ultrasound unit for extraction for 1 and 2 minutes, respectively.

Research results and discussion
As a result of carrying out the process of extracting oil from crushed flax seeds without exposure to ultrasound, the weight of the oil extracted by gasoline was 1.94 g, and methylene chloride -3.06 g As a result of oil extraction from crushed flax seeds under ultrasound conditions, the weight of the oil extracted by gasoline was 1.31 g and 3.2 g of methylene chloride.It should be noted that under the action of ultrasound, a significant amount of cellulose was removed from the crushed flax seeds into the solution.Cellulose worsened the separation of the oil solution in gasoline extraction from the solid phase during the filtration process and this led to a significant loss of oil, as compared to conventional extraction.
As a result of carrying out the process of oil extraction from spent soybean, using methylene chloride as a solvent, without the influence of ultrasound, the following data were obtained (Table 1).Analysis of the results (Table 1) shows that in the period from 1 to 2 min, oil extraction using ultrasound occurs more intensively.The intensity of the removal in the first minutes is due to the fact that cavitation leads to the appearance of additional microcracks on the surface of solid particles, increases the pressure under which the solvent is injected into the microcapillaries in the structure of the raw material.This provides a higher rate of absorption of air in microcapillaries and cracks and is displaced by the solvent.

Conclusions
As a research result, it is shown that when extracting oil from crushed flax seeds with methylene chloride under ultrasound conditions, the oil yield increases by 4.5 %.The action of ultrasound radiation on raw materials with a high content of fiber may lead to withdrawal into the solution other than fiber oil and loss of oil in the fiber sediment during the filtration process.At the beginning of the process of extraction of waste materials, such as soybean meal, the action of ultrasound contributes to the intensive removal of oil.

Introduction
Recent studies have shown that in the nutrition of the population of Ukraine there is a shortage of polysaccharides, which leads to the development of various diseases such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, diabetes [1,2].One of the important polysaccharides, which have prebiotic properties, is inulin, which is abundantly contained in Jerusalem artichoke, yacon, dandelion, burdock, chicory, scorzonera [3][4][5].Inulin-based products are relevant to enrich wheat bread as a product of mass consumption.In this direction, studies have been conducted [6], in which

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Glass fixation in the stand of the ultrasound installation

Table 1
The results of the extraction process from spent soybeans