RESEARCH OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FABLAB AS A FORM OF INTERACTION OF SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURE IN UKRAINE

The object of research is the process of interaction between science and production on the basis of the development of FabLab in Ukraine, the subject is the theoretical and applied bases of the formation and development of FabLab. During the processing of the research problems, the authors applied the methods and approaches: a systematic approach, methods of grouping and generalization, the method of retrospecting, methods of analysis and synthesis. The prerequisites for the emergence and spread of FabLab in the world are considered, a retrospective analysis of their development is carried out and the current state is assessed. The principles of creating FabLab are studied (requirements for the organizational structure of laboratories, management approaches, specific features of production and training activities, commercial and non-commercial functioning models, legal aspects, definition of a set of tools and tools for invention, features of FabLab created on the basis of universities, etc.). The problems of formation and reasonable prospects for the development of FabLab in Ukraine are analyzed. In particular, FabLab is considered as important elements of the innovation infrastructure of the region, designed to provide answers in the early stages of innovation. From such positions in the work, the possibilities that FabLab in Ukraine can provide are investigated. First, to promote a balanced solution of the problem of creating new jobs in the region, creating new innovative structures. Secondly, to organize the space where innovative products are generated, embodied in prototypes and tested that becomes the basis for business development on innovative principles. Thirdly, to increase the level of training of future specialists through the use of unique resources FabLab. Fourth, to promote the growth of the level of successful employment of students, interest and involvement of schoolchildren in the choice of engineering specialties, stimulation of youth entrepreneurship, and the like. Based on the results of the analysis of macroeconomic indicators, the work substantiates the role of FabLab in Ukraine in the context of the challenges of the modern technological world in revising traditional approaches in production, management and other areas of activity.


Introduction
The spread of the digital economy and the populariza tion of the concept of open innovation have actualized the problems of finding new forms of realization of creative ideas, the development and transfer of innovative tech nologies. One of such forms became FabLab (Fabrication laboratory) -research workshops, creative spaces where it is possible to make a prototype of a product, test it, economically evaluate it and even bring it to the commer cialization stage. FabLab is a modern form of interaction between science and production. It differs from others in the much wider possibilities for translating innovative ideas, since it has unique resources for this. For Ukraine, FabLab is a relatively new phenomenon that is only gaining popularity. The integration of Ukraine into the commu nity of technologically leading countries of the world makes it necessary to pay attention to the prospects for the development of FabLab in domestic spaces, explore the possibilities of such laboratories from the standpoint of improving the efficiency of interaction between regional actors of innovative infrastructures. In recent years, the FabLab issue has become increasingly relevant, as, in par ticular, works [1][2][3] show. However, most scientists and practitioners consider the FabLab problematics only from certain local positions. The study of the place and role of FabLab as subjects of the innovation infrastructure is practically neglected. Despite the fact that all FabLab in the world have a common concept of activity, each country is determined by its own peculiarities of its pro duction. Therefore, foreign experience can be partially used in Ukraine. So, the object of research is the process of interaction between science and production based on the development of FabLab in Ukraine. The aim of this research is studying the formation and development of FabLab in Ukraine.

Methods of research
To achieve this aim it is used: -method of retrospection -to study the prerequisites for the emergence and spread of FabLab in the world and Ukraine; -systematic approach -to highlight FabLab as a com ponent in the regional innovation infrastructure system; -methods of analysis and synthesis -in the study of the basis and features regarding the implementation of innovation activities in Ukraine, the definition of ISSN 2226-3780 the role of FabLab for the development of innovation infrastructure; -methods of grouping and generalization -in terms of forming conclusions on the research results.

Research results and discussion
Popularization in the world of FabLab as a form of interaction between science and research (R&D) and production is confirmed by statistical data, which in re cent years indicate a significant increase in the role of such interaction. According to R&D Trends Forecast [4], Now FabLab form an extensive network of hightech laboratories that provide their participants access to a number of resources (equipment and tools, software, etc.) in order to implement creative ideas. Along with this, within the framework of FabLab, trainings, seminars and other training activities, in particular technological ones, are organized to help FabLab participants master the existing equipment and acquire new knowledge and professionalism. Due to this, FabLab is a space where in novative products are generated, translated into prototypes and tested, which in the future often become the basis for the emergence of a new business.
According to R&D Trends Forecast [4], the most pro mising technologies in the world are now considered: -big data (the level of perspectivity indicator is more than 60 %); -Internet of things (about 50 %); -renewable materials, digital collaboration technolo gies, virtualization and modeling, 3D printers, robotiza tion, automation (in general, from 30 to 40 %). From this it is obvious that the activities inherent in FabLab correspond to modern market demands and trends. A significant advantage of FabLab from the stand point of production is that, due to the specification of technology in the development of the project from idea to prototype, they can help reduce production costs in the implementation of development, respectively, reduce the cost of the final product. With the help of FabLab, it is possible to solve the problem of manufacturing a proto type for presentation to investors, because the inability to back up idea with a prototype often hampers further financial support for the project.
There are about 1,200 FabLabs in the world, of which more than 500 in the European Region and more than 150 in the USA [5]. FabLab is one of the ways to balance the problem of creating new jobs, because they are aimed at providing enthusiasts and inventors who require an appropriate environment and conditions, and, ultimately, contribute to the creation of new innovative structures. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that in 2020 the United States will receive about 9.2 million jobs in science and technology [6]. As the analysis of these data shows, there are quite a few categories of society want, but are not represented in these areas for various reasons (insufficient education, age, etc.).
Among the models on the basis of which FabLab can be created, commercial and noncommercial are distin guished [7]. The first provides for prototyping and pro duction of the final product, consulting, training, and the like. The challenge for such FabLabs is finding sources of income based on the services they can provide. The use of the noncommercial model prevails in universities, its main purpose is testing the knowledge gained in theory, interactive learning, and the like in practice. World expe rience shows that from the standpoint of payback FabLab, a combination of the above models is considered successful. Despite the different financing models, almost all FabLabs in the world have the same basic capabilities, which allow network support for development.
Despite the fact that all FabLabs in the world are based on a common technical and economic basis, each of the laboratories is distinguished by its authenticity. At the same time, an important feature of FabLab is that innovations developed in one country can be used under certain conditions in another within the FabLab network. This allows to apply the developed technology in a new way, adding its added value and opening up new oppor tunities for innovative development.
A study of the problems of FabLab in Ukraine shows the need to examine the macroeconomic soil regarding the possibility of the development of such forms of interaction between science and production. In terms of the number of scientists, as the main carriers of knowledge capital and engines of scientific and technical activity, Ukraine is among the top ten leaders of the world. However, in recent years, Ukraine's GDP growth rate due to the in troduction of new technologies is less than 1 %, whereas in developed countries it is 60-90 % [8].
The course of integration of Ukraine into the com munity of innovatively leading countries stimulates the strengthening of the integral interaction of education, science, business structures and authorities, as evidenced by current legislation. Now it encourages universities to consider new forms of interaction with the business and actualizes the creation of FabLab. In general, statistics on the development of R&D labo ratories in regions of the world show that their globa lization continues. The number of R&D laboratories is increasing in the world. Currently, their largest number is in Western Europe -139, North and Central America -118, East and Southeast Asia -97 [4]. This situation is a response to the challenges of the modern technological world in revising traditional approaches in the produc tion, management and other areas of activity. Taking into account this trend in Ukraine may become a promising direction for stimulating innovative development of the country, in particular, in modern conditions of overcoming the economic crisis.

Conclusions
The research results prove the importance and develop ment prospects of FabLab, as elements of the innovation infrastructure of the regions of Ukraine. This allows to justify and take into account the value of FabLab in the development of the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine. It is shown that the use of FabLab resources is of particular importance in the early stages of innovation. FabLab features such as: testing innovative ideas, conduct ing expertise of prototypes, successful prototyping, testing innovative development, etc. reduce the level of risk in the further mass production. Gradually, the development of a project goes beyond FabLab, filling the niches of the innovation infrastructure, both in the resource sense and in the understanding of the project team. It has been substantiated that at the present stage of development of the Ukrainian economy, raising the level of training of future specialists through the use of FabLab resources will help to increase the level of successful employment of students. FabLab will stimulate interest and attract school students to the choice of engineering specialties, the development of youth entrepreneurship and the like. The study of the identified problems shows the bottom of the challenges for the modern economy. On the one hand, FabLab is the position of modern producers of high technologies in the world, which stimulate access to mo dern means of innovative development. On the other hand, it is predicted that the global challenge for FabLab is addressing an issue that may be maturing in the co ming years -what will be the development of innovative pro ducts, when there will be unlimited access to this.