Evaluation of the Effect of Industrial Enterprises on the Environment and Efficiency Evaluation of Environmental Protection on the Example of «kharkiv Electromechanical Plant» Se (Ukraine)

The development of scientific and technological progress along with a general improvement in the quality of life of people has a powerful technogenic impact on the environment. To reduce the harmful effects on the environment, it is necessary to solve the issue of effective cleaning and regulation of emissions, calculation of maximum permissible emissions. Therefore, the object of research is the environmental impact of an industrial enterprise. One of the sources of environmental pollution is the enterprises of the engineering complex. Therefore, on the example of one of them, an environmental impact assessment is carried out – on the example of the State Enterprise Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant (Ukraine). And also proposals for the implementation of relevant environmental measures are developed.<br><br>As in most industrial enterprises, the State Enterprise Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant produces solid waste, contaminated storm drains and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere. Due to the fact that the enterprise is located within the city limits, relevant environmental protection requirements are presented to it. The economic activity of the enterprise is accompanied by the implementation of environmental safety requirements, the protection of public health, the planning of measures to protect the environment and the rational use of natural resources.<br><br>The impact of the enterprise of the State Enterprise Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant on the environment is evaluated. General characteristics are done for the area where the enterprise is located. The climatic and meteorological conditions of the territory are also analyzed and an assessment of the state of the environment is given. The work reveals sources of pollution of the technological process of production of the enterprise. It is shown that out of 131 emission sources, 20 sources are equipped with gas treatment plants. Analysis of the identified sources of the environment showed that it is necessary to use gas treatment plants to clean emissions into the air, as well as the fact that emissions from the enterprise as a whole do not exceed permissible standards.<br><br>The conducted studies will be useful for the implementation of environmental measures at enterprises in various industries that are sources of emissions of potentially hazardous substances.


Introduction
The development of scientific and technological progress, along with a general improvement in the quality of life of people, has an environment of powerful technogenic impact. First of all, this is expressed in air pollution, unsatisfactory quality of drinking water, soil pollution and waste accumulation. The production of electrical products is accompanied by a significant release of pollutants into the environment. All these pollutants during operation, getting into the atmosphere, in water basins and in the soil significantly worsen the environmental situation. To reduce the harmful effects on the environment, it is ne-cessary to solve the issue of effective cleaning and regulation of emissions, calculation of maximum permissible emissions [1,2]. The nature of the destructive effect of biosphere pollution on humans can be different. This, for example, the toxic effect of chemicals that lead to poisoning of the body, organ trauma (skin, vision, hearing, etc.). A number of substances can cause allergies. Some substances and radiation are carcinogenic or mutagenic, that is, they can cause cancer or genetic pathology [3][4][5]. In [6], it is noted that enterprise emissions are an important component of both environmental well-being and economic stability. The authors of the study [7] believe that it is the increase in emissions, especially carbon, characteristic of developing TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 3/3(53), 2020 ISSN 2664-9969 countries. The study [8] analyzes the sources of the greenhouse effect enhancement, among which emissions from industrial enterprises occupy a significant place.
One of the sources of environmental pollution is the enterprises of the engineering complex. Therefore, on the example of one of them, an environmental impact assessment will be carried out -on the example of the State Enterprise «Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant» («KhEMP» SE, Ukraine). Thus, the object of research is the impact of an industrial enterprise on the environment. The aim of research is to assess the impact of an industrial enterprise on the environment and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures on the example of «KhEMP» SE.

Methods of research
«KhEMP» SE produces equipment for the energy, coal mining, metallurgical, chemical, engineering and shipbuilding industries. The company specializes in the production of electrical machines, low-voltage equipment and low-voltage complete devices, control station systems, components for machines and stations, thyristor converters, circuit protection monitoring equipment [9]. The main source of air pollution at the «KhEMP» SE is air handling units that remove contaminated air from the technological equipment of production sites, as well as from auxiliary units and services. Also the sources of pollution are: 1) machine shop, where the products are painted in the paint chamber, digestion with hydrochloric acid and tinning of copper parts; 2) hardware-station shop, where plating, soldering and welding, tinning of parts, as well as painting of parts are carried out, negatively affects the environment; 3) mechanical repair shop where the sharpening of the cutting tool, grinding of steel products and gas welding and gas cutting works, welding with electrodes are carried out, which are sources of pollution; 4) electric shop where electric welding in a welding cabin; impregnation of the winding of electric motors with subsequent annealing of insulation in an electric furnace, painting of electric motors are carried out, which negatively affects the environment; 5) tool shop, where metal cutting, thermal annealing of steel, heat treatment of steel in furnaces, grinding of steel products, welding are carried out, which negatively affects the environment; 6) production packaging shop, where the source of pollution is dust from woodworking machines; 7) model woodworking shop where wooden models for foundry are made and spray boards are used, which are a source of dust pollution; 8) motor vehicle shop where the source of air pollution is internal combustion engines, which are emitted into the atmosphere when heated: carbon oxide, saturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, soot, sulfur dioxide, lead, benzo(a)pyrene.
According to the degree of danger, substances are divided into 4 classes. With pollutants emitted by the enterprise into the atmosphere, lead and benzo(a)pyrene are classified as hazard class I.
«KhEMP» SE refers to the IV category of danger. There are no accidental and volley emissions at the enterprise. Landfills and landfills for industrial solid waste are not available at the «KhEMP» SE.
The company does not have its own landfill. The removal of industrial waste should be carried out according to the permission of the city sanitary-epidemiological station.
According to the appendix 4 to the State Sanitary Rules for the Planning and Development of Settlements [10], the regulatory sanitary protection zone (SPZ) for industrial site of «KhEMP» SE is 100 m.
Since the object is a large enterprise, it accordingly emits various kinds of impurities in large volumes (Table 1). 131 sources of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere are allocated from all the shops of the enterprise. Of these, 130 are stationary sources, one source (No. 131) is nonstationary.
Data on the concentration of pollutants in the wastewater of «KhEMP» SE when discharged into the city sewer network are presented in Table 2.
Therefore, as can be seen, the excess of the permissible values given in [11,12] does not occur.
At the «KhEMP» SE, retail waste is generated in the production process. Their characteristics are given in Table 3.   Note: information on the materials of the «KhEMP» SE [9] ISSN 2664-9969 Thus, it is possible to draw the following conclusion that the following types of waste are generated at the enterprise: -foundry slags; -petroleum products; -various kinds of solvents; -sludge neutralization of spent solutions; -waste solutions of various kinds of galvanic production; -waste primers, enamels, putties; -dishes contaminated with chemicals; -wastewater of hydraulic locks of the painting chambers; -waste metal machining; -fluorescent lamps; -wood shavings; -garbage from the territory.

Research results and discussion
To reduce dust emissions at the «KhEMP» SE there are 20 gas treatment plants, including: 1) dust precipitation chambers; 2) cyclones; 3) filters and hydraulic filters. Table 4 presents the characteristics of gas treatment plants (GTP). As a result, it is possible to conclude that the gas treatment plants work well, with high treatment efficiency. All dust and gas cleaning equipment is in good condition, in fact, the efficiency of the equipment corresponds to the data recorded in the GTP passport.
In general, the main sources of pollution affect the environment as follows: Atmosphere. «KhEMP» SE is a source of many substances that negatively affect the atmosphere. The main source of exposure to atmospheric air is carbon monoxide. The dispersion calculation is carried out according to the procedure [13]. This technique allows calculating the dispersion of impurities emitted into the atmosphere by single, point and linear, as well as a group of sources, taking into account the influence of the terrain.
The maximum value of the surface concentration of a harmful substance ( ) C m when a gas-air mixture is emitted from a single point source with a round mouth is achieved under adverse weather conditions at a distance of ( ) X m and is calculated by the formula: where A -coefficient depending on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere; M -mass of the harmful substance emitted into the atmosphere per unit of time, g/s; F -coefficient taking into account the sedimentation rate of harmful substances in the air; ′ m -coefficient taking into account the conditions of exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the emission source; H -height of emission source above ground level, m; η -coefficient taking into account the influence of the terrain.
Because ∆T T T T B = − , ∆T =°0 C, the release source is cold. To obtain the value of the coefficient ′ m , let's determine the following intermediate coefficients: where ω G -rate of release of the gas-air mixture from the pipe, m/s; D -diameter of the chimney pipe, m. Since ′ ≥ ω m 0 5 . and f e ≥ 100, then let's use the formula (1) and obtain the values: . mg/m 3 .
Since the maximum concentration limit is lower than MPC a.d. (3 mg/m 3 ), it is impractical to calculate carbon oxide dispersion.
Hydrosphere. The company uses water from the city water supply. The total actual discharge of normalized substances in the sewage network is 1668.598 m 3 /day (418820 m 3 /year). Of these, 191.198 m 3 /day -household and 1179.47 m 3 /day -production. The enterprise consumes 1770.75 m 3 /day of water.
According to the permission for wastewater discharges approved by the Kharkivkommunochystvod utility company, the volume of wastewater at the enterprise is 46819 m 3 /month.
The wastewater of the research object is discharged into the city sewer system through one outlet into the city sewer d = 200 mm, which passes along Moskovsky Prospect of Kharkiv metro station and belongs to the Dykanevska biological treatment complex sewage basin (Q = 500,000 m 3 /day).
Due to the fact that the company discharges waste water into the city sewer, there are no sources of impurities in water bodies.
In wastewater there is always a complex set of various pollutants. Wastewater of an enterprise containing substances that are practically not disposed of in urban wastewater treatment plants should be treated at local treatment facilities of industrial enterprises. The degree of such concentration, which, taking into account the diversion of industrial effluents in the sewerage network and the receiving reservoir, will ensure the water quality in it that meets the regulatory, that is, established by environmental authorities.
Groundwater. Potential sources of increased additional infiltration may be water-bearing communications, production with a «wet» process, treatment facilities for local wastewater treatment.
The model of additional infiltration nutrition is 3.6·10 -3 m/day. Sources of groundwater pollution at the industrial site are not found.
Since the regime network for monitoring groundwater pollution has not been implemented on the territory of the industrial site, it is not possible to conduct a predicted calculation of pollution.
Soil. Assessment of the aerogenic load on the soil is carried out for those indicators for which the value of background concentrations.
1. For the calculation, it is necessary to determine the concentration of sulfur and nitrogen: 2. Assessment of the load on the territory, which is created due to emissions of sources of air pollution, is determined by the formula: where 3. The critical load on the soil is taken in accordance with international environmental standards: Р N = 2 t/km 2 ·year; Р S = 1 t/km 2 ·year. 4. The assessment is made by comparing the relative load of nitrogen and sulfur by calculating the total load: Thus, the load on the soil does not exceed the permissible.
An approximate estimate of the specific load on the territory, which is created by the emissions of the enterprise with a radius of action of R = 0.84 km, is determined by the formula: where Q i -annual emission of the i-th component, t/year; R -radius of the enterprise influence, km; α -coefficient characterizing the deposition of emissions in the zone of influence of the enterprise, α = 0.4; K -transition coefficient -2.76. The specific load on the territory that is created by dust emissions:

Conclusions
Analyzing the emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air from the industrial site of the «KhEMP» SE, the following conclusion can be drawn: the concentrations of the ingredients emitted by the enterprise do not exceed the corresponding maximum permissible values. Emissions to the environment are local in nature and ensure a satisfactory state of the environment in the area where the facility is located and outside the sanitary protection zone.
It is recommended to timely monitor emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by direct measurements at the source, to verify the efficiency of dust and gas treatment plants. An analysis of the initial data and the results obtained showed that at the moment the composition of contaminants in the wastewater of the enterprise does not exceed regulatory requirements. It can also be concluded that the electromechanical plant does not damage the soil. Given the non-agricultural nature of the use of land in the plant's sanitary protection zone, re-examination of soil for pollution, according to expert assessment with the existing production technology, is recommended not earlier than after 15-20 years. In order to reduce the technogenic impact of emissions on the environment, it is necessary to improve the production technology of the «KhEMP» SE.
The conducted studies will be useful for the implementation of environmental measures at enterprises of various industries that are sources of emissions of potentially hazardous substances.