CHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

S AND REFERENCES 58 TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES — No 3/3(59), 2021 CHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2021.233535 FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION OF FILM FORMING SUPERHYDROPHOBIC COATINGS BASED ON SILICON DIOXIDE pages 6–9 Pavlo Sivolapov, Postgraduate Student, Department of Chemical Technology of Composition Materials, National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: pavlo.sivolapov@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7303-7179 Oleksiy Myronyuk, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Technology of Composition Materials, National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: o.myronyuk@kpi.ua, ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-0499-9491 Denys Baklan, Postgraduate Student, Department of Chemical Technology of Composition Materials, National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: d.baklan@kpi.ua, ORCID: https://orcid.org/00000002-6608-0117 Taras Berehovyj, Department of Chemical Technology of Composition Materials, National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: pro100taras.beregovoi@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/00000001-7752-0758 The object of research is the hydrophobization of a coating based on styrene-acrylic copolymer and cellulose acetate butyrate with pyrogenic silicon dioxide. The hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of a surface depends mainly on the chemical structure of the surface and its roughness. A relief hydrophilic surface will be wetted much more easily than a flat surface of the same material, and vice versa – an increase in the roughness of a hydrophobe is accompanied by a more pronounced repulsion of water. The size and number of irregularities significantly affect the wetting characteristics of the investigated surface. The combination of low surface energy and relief structure forms a superhydrophobic surface. Such surfaces have found application in self-cleaning, frost-resistant, antifriction, electrically conductive and oil-sorbing coatings. In this work, styrene-acrylic copolymer and cellulose acetate butyrate were used as a film former. Pyrogenic silicon dioxide Aerosil R 972, which was hydrophobized with dimethyldichlorosilane, was used as a nanofiller. In this work, the compositions were applied to laboratory glasses by dip coating. The determination of surface energy was carried out using glycerin and diiodomethane. The hydrophobic properties of the coatings were evaluated by measuring the contact angles with water using a goniometer. The analysis of the morphological structure of the coating surface with photographs of a scanning electron microscope has been carried out. The energy state of the surface of the created superhydrophobic coatings has been determined and their surface energies have been calculated using the technique based on the Owens-Wendt model. The process of hydrophobization of polymer-based coatings is investigated, which occurs both due to chemical modification with the introduction of silicon dioxide and due to the creation of nanoroughness of the surface layer of the coatings. The dependences of this process on materials are investigated using an electron microscope and the determination of their surface energy depending on the SiO2 filling. The values of the critical concentration of the modifier for the transition of polymers to the superhydrophobic state have been determined. As a result, the influence of polymer crystallinity on hydrophobization was determined by comparing changes in the surface energy of materials during their modification.

For a long time, the problem of phosphogypsum disposal was not given due attention, which led to the accumulation of huge reserves of this environmentally hazardous waste. Transportation of phosphogypsum in dumps and its storage requires significant capital investment and operating costs, as well as the allocation of large land areas. The storage of phosphogypsum harms the environment, as it leads to the entry of significant amounts of toxic substances into groundwater and the atmosphere. The object of the study was phosphogypsum, which is formed during the production of phosphoric acid from apatites and phosphorites. To date, numerous studies have focused on finding effective ways to use phosphogypsum, but its composition usually limits its reuse. The research aims to study the scientific prerequisites for creating an effective control scheme for phosphogypsum by converting it to calcium carbonate. For this purpose, the chemical composition and technological parameters of phosphogypsum conversion from the dumps of «Dnipro Mineral Fertilizer Plant» (Kamianske, Ukraine) were studied. The proposed conversion method involved a reaction between phosphogypsum and aqueous NaOH solution to form Ca(OH) 2 , which was converted to CaCO 3 by carbonization in a CO 2 stream. The influence of temperature on the conversion of phosphogypsum into Ca(OH) 2 has been established. The conversion was investigated at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 70 °C for 3 hours. It was found that at the first stage of the process the impurities contained in phosphogypsum were transferred to the precipitate of Ca(OH) 2 . As a result of carbonization, low-quality CaCO 3 was obtained, which contained more than 10% of impurities. Increasing the duration of carbonization to 1 hour allowed to obtain CaCO 3 with content of Ca(OH) 2 <4 %. The results of the study show that the method of carbonate conversion of phosphogypsum requires further optimization of technological parameters to improve the purity of the finished product.
Keywords: carbonate conversion phosphogypsum, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, carbon dioxide, carbonization, X-ray phase analysis, mass spectrometry, conversion temperature, mineralogical composition.  The object of this research is the herb Adonis vernalis and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained on its basis. By the nature of the action, the drugs Adonis vernalis belong to the group of cardiac glycosides and occupy an intermediate place between strophanthin and digitalis. In official medicine, biologically active compounds of Adonis vernalis are included in drugs such as Cardiovalen, Adonisbromine, Caridiolin and Cardiophyte. In the extemporal formulation, the extract is part of the Bechterew's medicine. Until recently, scientists have made significant progress in studying the phytochemical and pharmacological action of the herb Adonis vernalis. However, one should not be limited to the use of Adonis vernalis only for stimulating cardiac activity, one should also consider the promising antioxidant effect of flavonoids and phenolic compounds that are contained in this medicinal plant. Also, studies of the extraction conditions of the herb Adonis vernalis are not described in the scientific literature.
The study carried out the extraction of the grass Adonis vernalis by various methods (static and dynamic). The type of extract was chosen as the most rational, which provides the maximum yield of extractives (phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides). For this, the optimal extraction conditions were selected, namely, the particle size, the type of extractant, the value of the hydromodule and the extraction method. Accordingly, the optimal particle diameter for maximum extraction of biologically active substances of the herb Adonis vernalis is 2.5 mm, the optimal extractant is 70 % ethyl alcohol, the ratio of raw materials: extractant is 1:10, the optimal extraction method is maceration with constant stirring. Phytochemical studies of the quantitative composition of the main groups of biologically active substances were carried out using calorimetric and spectrophotometric methods of analysis.
As a result of the optimization of the process and its introduction into production on an industrial scale, the value added effect will be achieved. And also a high-quality product has been created that will compete with broad-spectrum drugs already existing on the market.
The object of research is traditional mining technologies and technical means in combination with underground block leaching (UBL) of metals from rock ores with their preliminary crushing with explosives in installations mounted in mine workings. One of the most problematic areas is the difficulty of achieving a given crushing quality, as well as the required height of ore storage in the chamber for the subsequent leaching of metals and a loosening factor, taking into account the control of the energy of explosive destruction of rock ores.
The study used: -data from literary sources and patent documentation in the field of technologies and technical means for UBL of metals from ores in energy disturbed massifs, substantiation of technological parameters of operational blocks; -laboratory and production experiments; -physical modeling of metal extraction from ores from the average linear size of a piece of blasted ore.
Analytical studies, comparative analysis of theoretical and practical results using standard and new methods were carried out with the participation of the authors. It was found that the most intensive infiltration leaching occurs when the size class of ore lumps is -100+0 mm. Metals are extracted from fractions -200+100 mm less intensively and for a longer time. To neutralize and flush the spent ore mass, it is recommended to treat it with lime solution and mine water through wells for supplying leaching solutions (irrigation system). The protection of the hydrogeological environment is carried out by silting the bottom of the chamber for collecting productive solutions with clay solution and by constant monitoring of mine water pollution in the zone of UBL influence. On the basis of the positive results obtained from the study and implementation of technologies for UBL of metals from rock ores during the development of block 5-86, in accordance with the recommendations issued, the same approach was used for blocks 5-84-86 and 5-88-90, as well as industrial experimental block 1-75-79. Due to the involvement in the production of substandard ores, the raw material base for the extraction of metals, at the operating mines, can be increased by 1.4-1.6 times.
The research results can be used in underground mining of ore deposits of complex structure in Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan and other developed mining countries of the world.
Keywords: ore deposits, underground mining, block leaching, mine workings, environmental safety.    The object of research is the fatty acid composition of the milkfat base for combined food products of a healthy diet. The biological effectiveness of fats is determined by the ratio of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, including the ratio of omega-3 PUFA:omega-6 PUFA. Not all foods have a balanced fatty acid composition, in particular, dairy products contain excessive amounts of SFAs, the excessive consumption of which leads to an increase in blood cholesterol levels, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The amount of mono-and polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential in nutrition, in milk fat (and, accordingly, in dairy products) is insufficient. Therefore, this study is aimed at developing the composition of the milk-fat base with a balanced fatty acid composition using natural vegetable oils.

ISSN 2664-9969
The work substantiates the expediency of using vegetable oils, namely pumpkin seed as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids, rice bran oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, to optimize the ratio of SFA: MUFA: PUFA when combined with milk fat in multicomponent food products. The fatty acid composition of the milk-fat base has been optimized using a three-component mixture of fats -milk fat, pumpkin seed oil and refined rice bran oil. The ratio of fatty acids in the milk-fat base for the production of food products with a balanced fatty acid composition (SFA:MUFA:PUFA -0.442:0.403:0.155) has been determined, which is achieved with the optimal ratio of milk fat: rice bran oil: pumpkin seed oil -20.2:70.5:9.3. Recommendations are given on the use of the developed milk-fat base with a balanced fatty acid composition in the production of combined dairy-vegetable food products. Since today dairy products with a balanced fatty acid composition are presented in limited quantities in the global consumer market, the implementation of research will expand the niche of «healthy food». And correctly conducted marketing activities, which are proposed in this work, will allow to gain a foothold in the market of healthy food products with a balanced chemical composition and an affordable price.
Keywords: milk-fat base, balanced fatty acid composition, milk fat, pumpkin oil, rice bran oil.  The object of research is the secondary material resources of processing plant and animal raw materials, namely fruit pomace and milk whey. One of the most problematic areas is that the waste of these industries has high rates of biological and chemical oxygen consumption of wastewater, which significantly impairs the operation of local and city treatment facilities. In addition, the parameters of extraction and determination of the quality indicators of the obtained product are not well defined. The processing of whey and pomace of fruit crops can reduce the environmental burden on the environment and increase the efficiency of technological processes through resource conservation and obtaining a surplus product. The problem is solved, in particular, by using the process of extracting plant waste using milk whey and the process of energy-saving membrane concentration.
In the course of the study, let's use pectin-containing plant waste from juice production, namely watermelon, pumpkin, quince, beetroot, apple and a mixture of orange and tangerine pomace. The results obtained indicate that the process of extracting apple pomace with milk whey is promising, since the highest pectin content in the extract is established for apple pomace. The main amount of pectin substances passes into the extract starting from 75 minutes to 90 minutes. Extraction-hydrolysis for 2 hours at a temperature of 85 °C, pH = 2-2.5 units determines the best results. Ultrafiltration of the obtained extract makes it possible to increase the pectin content up to 3.0 % with a protein content of more than 6.0 %. The membranes used in the experiment are characterized by high selectivity for protein and pectin. The fact is established that diafiltration makes it possible to effectively purify whey-pectin concentrates from ballast impurities with simultaneous enrichment of the concentrate with high-molecular components of whey. A technological scheme for the production of pectin-whey concentrate with high organoleptic and detoxification characteristics is proposed. The proposed technological process has a number of positive features, in particular, a high content of pectin substances, high value indicators, a significant reduction in the burden on the environment, economic benefits through energy conservation and obtaining a surplus product.
Keywords: whey, juice production waste, pectin extraction, ultrafiltration, pectin substances, pectin-whey concentrate, waste disposal. Tomato fruits are characterized by a high content of biologically active substances, which makes them an irreplaceable component of nutrition. However, tomatoes are perishable products and require additional measures to extend storage. One of the most problematic areas is the limited use of synthetic chemicals for processing fruit prior to storage. An alternative to them are natural exogenous preparations with antioxidant and disinfectant effects, which are environmentally friendly. However, the treatment of fruits with natural substances does not have sufficient efficiency in comparison with synthetic ones, which requires a combination with other post-harvest measures to increase cold stress. The object of research is the process of storing tomato fruits using heat treatment with a biological product. Numerous studies indicate the feasibility of using the processing of fruits with biological products to extend their storage duration. Standardized preparations based on bee products are of great interest. The research carried out in this work is aimed at extending the shelf life of tomato fruits while maintaining their quality by heat treatment of tomatoes with a solution of a biological product (tincture of the biomass of the larvae of the greater wax moth) before storage. In the course of the study, it was found that such treatment prolongs the shelf life of blank tomatoes up to 50 days, which is 40 % longer compared to the control. It has been proven that fruits treated with a biological product demonstrate a low level of metabolic processes. This is due to the fact that the proposed treatment slows down the rate of accumulation and degradation of sugars and organic acids. In particular, in fruits treated with a biological product, the sugar content is 8.8-10.6 % higher than in the control. The rate of decrease in the level of titratable acidity in the variants treated with the biological product is 15-19 % slower than in the control. The above results indicate the effectiveness of the use of a biological product for storing tomato fruits in comparison with similar measures.
Keywords: storage of tomatoes, tincture of biomass of the larvae of the greater wax moth, sugar content, titratable acidity.
The object of research in this work is the technology of pastille with the addition of multicomponent fruit and berry paste. Pastille are becoming more and more popular in the world for all segments of the population. Usually, the main ingredients for their manufacture are fruit raw materials, a structurant and egg white, therefore, the products contain practically no fat and have a low calorie content.
It is proposed to replace 75 % of traditional applesauce in the recipe with a multicomponent fruit and berry paste made from apples, cranberries, hawthorn. It was found that such a composition makes it possible to obtain products with an increased content of pectin substances, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, including anthocyanins, catechins and flavonols.
The work is aimed at studying the application of the principles of qualimetry to determine a complex indicator of the quality of pastille For this, the organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the quality of the developed pastille were taken from previous studies and the chemical composition was determined and the content of biologically active substances was calculated relative to the average daily human need. The content of pectin substances in new products increases 1.7 times and satisfies the average daily human need by 18.2 %. The content of ascorbic acid is 4.2 times higher, which is 20.5 % of the average daily human need, and polyphenols 3.2 times higher -579.0 %. The data obtained make it possible to consider the developed product functional. The next step was to determine the complex indicator of products by the qualimetric method. For a more complete disclosure of product properties, a structure of pastille quality indicators has been developed -a «tree of properties». Thus, the comprehensive assessment of the quality of the control sample corresponds to the indicator «good» (0.66), while the integrated assessment of pastille with multicomponent paste corresponds to the indicator «very good» (0.98).
On the basis of organoleptic, physicochemical indicators and chemical composition of products, it was established that the indicator of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of a pastille with a multicomponent paste, taking into account all group indicators, is 48 % higher compared to the control.
Keywords: pastille technology, complex indicator, multicomponent paste, quality indicators, nutritional value. The object of research is a refrigerated complex for short-term storage of tropical fruits in conditions of significant seasonal and daily fluctuations in ambient temperature, that typical for regions with a tropical climate. One of the problems is that the complexes are autonomous small firms for the year-round processing and storage of tropical fruits, located far from the central electric networks. In the presence of solar radiation, the complexes receive energy from small solar power plants. Such complexes are called «trigeneration system». In the course of the study, data on modes were used low temperature heat treatment and preservation of various tropical fruits, ripening times and climatic conditions of Tunisia. It has been established that citrus fruits are stored in chambers with high temperature, olives are frozen and stored for a short time before processing. The total amount of heat entering the citrus chambers is determined by changes in the ambient temperature. The thermal load of the olives chamber is determined by the heat treatment time. It was found that the cargo capacity of chambers with different temperatures differs six times. The thermal load of the olive storage chambers is only four times less. This is due to the peculiarities of the building structure of the complex, technological processes of cooling and freezing. Based on the thermal calculation, the cooling of the chambers is provided by a two-stage booster refrigeration machine with CO 2 refrigerant in a transcritical cycle. To ensure the operation of the complex, a solar photoelectric converter is designed. This ensures the environmental safety of the complex and the possibility of obtaining energy savings by regulating the thermal power of the compressors with frequency converters, depending on the ambient temperature. The designed complex can be offered to a private investor for practical implementation.