THE ROLE OF THE RADZIVIL FAMILY IN THE FORMATION OF THE HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ARTISTIC PANORAMA OF EUROPE IN THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES

The purpose of the work is to systematize the information concerning the industrial productions founded by representatives of the Radzivil family in Europe. The research methodology is based on application of historical-cultural and art criticism approaches and historical-chronological method, which allows to realize specificity of occurrence and development during baroque-romanticism epoch in the ethnic territories of Ukraine, Belarus and Poland of some manu-factories. Taken together these specified approaches and methods allow to open the importance of the outlined prob-lematics from the point of view of practical cultural science and art criticism through a prism of historical and cultural and art aspects. Scientific novelty consists in definition of specificity of the organization of the old-world industrial productions of faience, art glass, jewels, textiles and furniture by the representatives of Radzivil family. It is proved, that a number of manufactures of the designated sort in Zhovkva, Glinsko, Byala Podlyaska, Swerzhen, Neborov, Uritshya, Nalibo-ki, Tshudnov, Olyka, Mir, Alba, Nesvizh, Korelytchi, Slutsk, Lakhwa, based by the Radzivils, laid the foundation of development of a network of the industrial enterprises of capitalist time in the territories of Eastern Europe. Conclusions . Nowadays it is possible in retrospection to look at the principles of foundation and specificity of infrastructure of the first industrially and financially successful enterprises in the ethnic territories of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and Lithuania. The designated territories once were a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, economically developed European states. From the end of ХVІІ – beginning ХVІІІ century Radzivils here confirmed by the means of comprehension of separate segments of industrial production their ability to be leaders among domestic industrial centers.

In this regard, the attention is drawn to the list of potential monuments, which are very likely to enter the UNESCO World Heritage List.They are located in the territories of the former USSR countries and the so-called socialist camp, which are now in the CIS and the European Union.Namely -Ukraine, Byelarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia.The history of these countries is interwoven together from the Middle Ages, and passed the common path during the Renaissance and the Baroque era, some regions after the Kievan Rus, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ended up being a part of Russia to the present time.
Representatives of the Radzivil family, being wise rulers cared about the future of the region, and country, thoroughly thought and developed the planning of the growth of territories, given the near and far prospects.Therefore, on the territories under their reign -the lands of present-day Ukraine, Belarus and Poland, a network of manufacturing facilities for the production of a highly artistic faience and glass, fabrics, furniture, jewelry, weapons, etc. was developed.In essence, works of art and the achievements of the Radzivil industry were constantly in the field of increased attention to the family during the XVIII-XIX centuries.
In general, according to a connoisseur of genealogy Lev Gunin, the Radzivil family was divided into three main branches.The first two 1) Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dukes of the Goniondze and Medel (since 1518) and 2) the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dukes of Birzhah and Dubinky on the territory of ethnic Lithuania (since 1547) extinguished in the men's line respectively in 1546 and 1667 [7].Thirdthe princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dukes of Nesvizh and Olyka (since 1547) extinguished in the men's line in 1813 [3].But the deeds of the representatives of this family are difficult to overestimate.
Nowadays it is assumed that there were 8 main ordinations (indivisible possessions that were inherited only to the eldest son of the genus) of the Radzivils.The most important part of the ethnic Ukraine was the olycka branch (indivisible territory).In addition to it there existed: the eldest cletska branch, the nesvizka branch, the younger cletska branch, the branch in Dyatliv (and Berdichev), the branch in Polonechka (and Shidlovtsy), the ordination (Nesvizh) branch and the Davydgorod branch.The given family had palaces in Poznan, Berlin, Paris, Madrid [5, p. 80], etc., and spread their traditions throughout Europe.
The dynastic ties with the Stuarts and the Bourbons, as well as the Bavarian and Luxembourgish and other monarchs, strengthened the Radzivils position and allowed them to observe the best craft-industrial models of the territories of foreign states, to study the last word in science and technology and therefore integrate foreign achievements to the national cultural and artistic space and gradually replace import onto elite artistic works of their own production.
In order to secure financing of her highly artistic projects, even Princess Anna Katarzyna began, in the spirit of enlightenment, the development of all necessary elements of the infrastructure of a civilized state in the subordinate territories.Therefore, the Radzivil family as patrons of art claimed their mission in several generations.Thus, in large areas from Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to Poland begins the development of inns, building of bridges, dams, mills and the launch of the Dutch cowsheds for future breeding [6].
Earning money by hard working, on the territory of several modern states of Eastern Europe, Anna Sangushkova Radzivil tried to spend on developing of her artistic oriented industrial empire.Further, her foundational vision for the development of industry in the region was supported by numerous descendants, ranging from Michal Kasimir Ribonka and his grandchildren to the heirs of the Radzivil side lines.
This family supported the construction and reconstruction of Catholic and other shrines in large areas from Poland, Ukraine, Belarus to Lithuania, building and renovation of the palaces and castles, around which life started forming all over Eastern Europe, cared for funding Carmelites and Discalced Carmelites (Barefoot Carmelites), reformers, Benedictines, Bernardines, numerous monasteries, including Zhovkva region and Lviv region, was engaged in the foundation of new religious-cultural and craft-industrial centers [2].
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, on return from the emigration from Hungary in 1708, the Radzivil couple started gradually turning Byala in Bilostok region in Poland (Pidlashshya) into a «second Nesvizh» in the cultural-industrial perspective.The princess no longer wanted to live in Nesvizh because everything here reminded her of a number of children she lost.Coffins with their bodies lay in the local church.
In Byala, in order to switch attention to other matters, besides the porcelain workshop, which later made tiles, utensils and accessories, there was also laid a weaving manufactory that produced cloth of the best grades.In addition, the city was active in the production of furniture, lacquered in Chinese style (!), Umbrellas and jewelry.In other words, in each of their large residences, the Radzivil tried to recreate the life of the best cities of Europe, industrially developed and knowledgeable in all artistic innovations [6].
In addition to the aromas of Galician coffee, French perfumes, German porcelain technology, Holland innovations in animal husbandry, Anna was interested in the luxury of Italian architectural trends.By inviting foreign highly skilled craftsmen, the princess managed to build palaces in the style of rococo in Byala (1725) [5, p. 155], as well as in Rokosh and Slavyatin in Belarus.For the decoration of the palaces, architects, foreign artists and decorators were hired (as once court architects and painters from Jan III Sobieski and Mariya Kasimira Louisa de La Grange d'Arquien).They rebuilt, plastically and picturesque decorated newly built palaces, organized the development of scenery wallpapers, tapestries, rugs, unique products made of glass, faience and precious stones.
Just as in Zhovkva, the artists worked on the creation of the Radzivil portrait gallery, so today we know what the representatives of this glorious generation looked like [6].The churches in Byala, Negnevytshy, Naliboky, Pyshtshantka, Hayna, Slavyatin, Delyatytshi were built, restored and painted.The stylistics of the construction of these settlements of Eastern Europe today has many similar features, which does not allow them to be separated into different territories.
The works of art made by the court painters, filled the castles in Olyka, Mir and Byala.Later, the Belarus Theater in Nesvizh was built by Anna Katarzyna's son.There musicians, choreographers and many more specialists with Italian, French and other foreign surnames worked.Anna Katarzyna, and later on her son, requested the transfer of knowledge to the local craftsmen, from glassblowers to specialists in faience (referred to as «faience masters» back then).
Well-known masters of the Nalibotsky Glass Factory, by the end of the 1730s, were Jan and Henry Genzov.Later in the 1740s Nikolai and Yan Dubitskiy, as well as Grigir Avchuk appeared.
In Uritshya, in 1740, Wolfgang Landgraf worked on the intricacies of glass craftsmanship.In addition to him, a crystals specialist from Potsdam -Johann Georg Heinz was invited.The art studio was then headed by Frenchman Konstantin Frantisek Fremel.From Uritshsko-Nabilskoyi products, the names of hereditary masters of local origin are preserved.In particular, the engravers and grinders of glass Nicholas, Jan, Peter, Kazimir, Hnat, Todor, Karol, etc. Dubitsky, several generations of Rimashevsky, Zaleski, Sontsevitsh, Aleksandrovitsh, Adamovitsh, Dashkevitsh, are mentioned.
For special cases, the manufacture of diamond, ruby glass, products with Venetian thread and filigree was entrusted to Saxon mastersbrothers Genci and Dreger.A specialist in fancy glass was Jan Friedrich Dzitz.At the Uritshsky Glass Manufactory of Radzivil, the design and manufacture of this assortment during 1739-1765 was dealt with by a master from Dresden H. T. Sherber.
In the second half of the eighteenth century (at the turn of the 1750's and the 1760's) at the Chudnivska Huta a master Torzhewskiy worked, whom Polish scholars identified with the author of the first textbook on glass «Rozmowa o sztukach robienia szkla» by Jozef Torzhewskiy.
Among the jewelers, who worked for the Radzivil in Yankovitshi is the famous name of Jan Kristofor Zizman.
Famous textile workers, silk knitwear specialists, father and son Jan and Leon Mazharsky, Armenians with the Hungarian roots, who moved from Constantinople to Ukraine, and then to the lands of the ethnic Belarus, worked on the manufactory of Radzivil in Nesvizh and Slutsk.
In Lakhva (modern Brest region), the administrator Zhukhovitskiy, directed the wood-carving and carpenter works, Mr. Freter (apparently, who had at least two or three students) taught science, worked as a master Nikolayevskiy, most likely, Stanislav (from Nesvizh), or his relative, as well as a carpenter Lukash and a few more wood-carving masters.In Zhovkva, in 1747, during the general chapter of the king Yakub Sobieskiy, carpenters and cutters Olexandr, Stebanovsky, Markarark (?), artist Nikolai and his colleagues, artist Olexandr were mentioned, possibly tangent to the Radzivil furniture places.
There were woodcarving workshops in Neborov in the late nineteenth century, with Michal Petro Radzivil, talented local masters: carpenter-carver Jozef Trinkowskiy and sculptor Jozef Demchinskiy.