Review of modern algorithms for high resolution imaging with passive radar

Authors

  • Valeriy K. Volosyuk National Aerospace University (KhAI), Ukraine
  • Victor F. Kravchenko Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, RAS, Russian Federation
  • B. G. Kutuza Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
  • V. V. Pavlikov Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1109/ICATT.2015.7136779

Keywords:

high-resolution imaging, passive radar, microwave radiometry, radio interferometry, multistatic radar, radar imaging

Abstract

A review of modern optimal and quasi-optimal algorithms for radiometric signal processing, which provide images with a high spatial resolution is given. It is shown that the high resolution is achieved with ultra-wideband or multi-band time or space-time signal processing. Analytical expressions for the limiting error of image estimation, ambiguity functions and potential fluctuation sensitivity of systems designed according to the algorithms are derived.

References

RYLE, M. Radio Telescopes of Large Resolving Power. Physics, Nobel Lecture, 1974, p.188-203.

FOMALONT, E.B.; WRIGHT, M.C.H. Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy. Springer, 1974.

ESEPKINA, N.A.; KOROL'KOV, D.V.; PARIYSKII, Y.N. Radio Telescopes and Radiometers. Moscow: Nauka, 1973 [in Russian].

THOMPSON, A.R.; MORAN, J.M.; SWENSON, G.W. Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy. Willey, 2001, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527617845.

WILSON, T.L.; ROHLFS, K.; HUTTEMEISTER, S. Tools of Radio Astronomy. Springer, 2009.

BHATTACHARYA, A.B.; JAOARDAR, S.; BHATTACHARYA, R. Astronomy and Astrophysics. Infinity Science Press LLC, 2008.

BAKHRAKH, L.D.; LITVINOV, O.S. Method of Aperture Synthesis in the General Antenna Theory (Review). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiophysics, 1983, v.26, n.11, p.1323-1334.

MENSA, D.L. High Resolution Radar Cross-Section Imaging. Artech House, 1991.

CHRISTIANSEN, W.N.; HOGBOM, J.A. Radiotelescopes. Cambridge University Press, 1985.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; PAVLIKOV, V.V. Statistical Theory of Ultrawideband Radiometric Devices and Systems (Review). Physical Basis of Instrumentation, 2014, v.3, no.3, p.5-65.

PAVLIKOV, V.V. Algorithm for radiometric imaging in ultrawideband systems of aperture synthesis. Proc. of the 7th Int. Conf. on Acoustooptic and Radar Methods for Information Measurements and Processing, 2014, p.138-142.

KUTUZA, B.G.; ZAGORIN, G.K. Two-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Millimeter-Wave Radiometric Interferometer for Measuring Full-Component Stokes Vector of Emission from Hydrometeors. Radio Sci., 2003, v.38, n.3, p.8055, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002RS002651.

BERGER, M.; ET AL. Measuring Ocean Salinity with ESA's SMOS Mission. ESA Bulletin, 2002, v.111, p.113-121.

KAINULAINEN, J.; RAUTIAINEN, K.; TAURIAINEN, S.; AUER, T.; KETTUNEN, J.; HALLIKAINEN, M. First 2-D Interferometric Radiometer Imaging of the Earth From an Aircraft. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2007, v.4, n.2, p.241-245, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2006.890553.

FAL'KOVICH, S.Y.; PONOMAREV, V.I.; SHKVARKO, Y.V. Optimal Reception of Spatio-Temporal Signals in Radio Channels with Scattering. Moscow: Radio i Svyaz', 1989 [in Russian].

KARAVAEV, V.V.; SAZONOV, V.V. Statistical Theory of Passive Location. Moscow: Radio i Svyaz', 1987 [in Russian].

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F. Statistical Theory of Radio-Engineering Systems of Remote Sensing and Radar. Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2008 [in Russian].

VOLOSYUK, V.K. Spectral Transformations of Wideband Fields and Their Coherence Functions. Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, 1993, v.36, n.11, p.804-805, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039715.

VOLOSYUK, V.K. Transformation of Fields and their Correlation Functions Into Spectral Characteristics of Extended Sources of Wideband Radiation. Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 1993, v.36, n.6, p.17-19.

VOLOSYUK, V.K. Spectral Transforms of Broadband Field and Their Correlation Characteristics. The Fresnel Approximation. Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 1994, v.37, n.8, p.39-44.

VOLOSYUK, V.K. Direct and Inverse Transformations in Constructing Spectral Patterns of Random Fields. Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing, 1995, v.1, p.37-42.

VOLOSYUK, V.K. Integral Transforms of Processes and Their Spectral-Correlation Characteristics. Electromagnetic Wave & Electronic Systems, 1997, v.2, n.5, p.21-29.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; VELASCO HERRERA, M. Victor; PONOMARYOV, V.I. Volosyuk-Fourier Transformations for Optimal Reconstruction of Radio Brightness Images of Wideband and Superwide-band Microwave Radiometric Systems. Proc. of SPIE's 14th Annual Int. Symp. on Aero-space/Defence Sen., Simulation, and Controls, 2000, v.4053, p.229-238.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; PAVLIKOV, V.V. Development of the theory, methods and algorithms for optimal ultrawideband space-time signal processing for radio-thermal radiation. Proc. of IX Int. Conf. on Antenna Theory and Techniques, ICATT, 16-20 Sept. 2013, Odessa, Ukraine. IEEE, 2013, p.74-79, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICATT.2013.6650688.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; KUTUZA, B.G.; PAVLIKOV, V.V. Development of the statistical theory of ultrawideband radiometric devices and spatiodistributed systems. Proc. of the 7th Conf. on Radar and Communication, 2013, p.253-257.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; PAVLIKOV, V.V.; SHIFRIN, Y.S. New methods of optimal and quazioptimal spatiotemporal radiometric signal processing in the ultrawideband devices and systems. Proc. of Int. Sci. Conf. on Analysis and Synthesis of Difficult Systems in Nature and Techniques, 2013, p.22-28.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; GULYAEV, Y.V.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; KUTUZA, B.G.; PAVLIKOV, V.V.; PUSTOVOIT, V.I. Modern Methods for Optimal Spatio-Temporal Signal Processing in Active, Passive, and Combined Active-Passive Radio-Engineering Systems. Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics, 2014, v.59, n.2, p.97-118, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1064226914020090.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; GULYAEV, Y.V.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; KUTUZA, B.G.; PAVLIKOV, V.V.; PUSTOVOIT, V.I. Development of the Theory and Methods of Optimum Space-Time Signal Processing in Active, Passive and Combined Active-Passive Radio Engineering Systems of Radiolocation and Remote Sensing With Use of New Weight and WA-systems Functions of Kravchenko. Proc. of the 15th Int. Conf. on Digital Signal Processing, 2013, p.3-9.

WOOTTEN, A.; THOMPSON, A.R. The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. Proc. IEEE, Aug. 2009, v.97, n.8, p.1463-1471, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2020572.

SWARUP, G.; ANANTHAKRISHNAN, S.; KAPAHI, V.K.; RAO, A.P.; SUBRAHMANYA, C.R.; KULKARNI, V.K. The Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope. Current Science, 1991, v.60, n.2.

KRAVCHENKO, V.F. Lectures on the Theory of Atomic Functions and Their Applications. Moscow: Radiotekhnika, 2003 [in Russian].

KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; PEREZ-MEANA, H.M.; PONOMARYOV, V.I. Adaptive Digital Processing of Multidimensional Signals with Applications. Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2009 [in Russian].

ZELKIN, E.G.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; GUSEVSKII, V.I. Constructive Approximation Methods in Antenna Theory. Moscow: Sains-Press, 2005 [in Russian].

KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; RVACHEV, V.L. Boolean Algebra, Atomic Functions, and Wavelets in Physical Applications. Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2006 [in Russian].

KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; KRAVCHENKO, O.V.; PUSTOVOIT, V.I.; CHURIKOV, D.V. Atomic, WA-Systems, and R-Functions Applied in Modern Radio Physics Problems: Part I. Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics, 2014, v.59, n.10, p.981-1009, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1064226914090046.

KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; KRAVCHENKO, O.V.; PUSTOVOIT, V.I.; CHURIKOV, D.V.; YURIN, A.V. Atomic, WA-Systems, and R-Functions Applied in Modern Radio Physics Problems: Part II. Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics, 2015, v.60, n.2, p.103-141, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1064226915020084.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; PAVLIKOV, V.V. Optimization of signal processing of own radio-thermal radiation of extended source in wideband and super-wideband aperture synthesis systems. Proc. of 5th Int. Conf. on Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals, 6-10 Sept. 2010, Sevastopol, Ukraine. IEEE, 2010, p.74-76, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/UWBUSIS.2010.5609096.

PAVLIKOV, V.V. Statistical Synthesis of Algorithms for Formation of Radiometric Image in the Two-Antenna Ultrawideband Systems of Aperture Synthesis. Physical Bases of Instrumentation, 2013, v.2, n.2, p.88-96.

VOLOSYUK, V.K.; KRAVCHENKO, V.F.; PUSTOVOIT, V.I. Algorithms for recovery of the spatially distributed parameters surfaces in broadband passive radiometric systems with aperture synthesis. Doklady Akademii Nauk, 1996, v.350, n.2, p.178-183.

PAVLIKOV, V.V. Optimal restoration of radiometric images in ultrawideband radiometric systems with multi-antenna array. Proc. of IX Int. Conf. on Antenna Theory and Techniques, ICATT, 16-20 Sept. 2013, Odessa, Ukraine. IEEE, 2013, p.298-300, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICATT.2013.6650757.

PAVLIKOV, V.V. Statistical Synthesis of Multiband Aperture Synthesis Systems. Physical Basis of Instrumentation, 2014, v.3, n.4.

Published

2015-04-25