CONSIDERATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSITION FROM A CASH CROP ECONOMY ON THE CARBON FOOTPRINT

The object of the study is the carbon footprint (CO 2 ), which is skyrocketing despite augmented awareness of this issue and a growing willingness to act. The effects of climate change have recently become more severe and have garnered international attention. Recent discussion has focused on carbon footprint as one of the most urgent global issues facing all nations. The tradeoff between carbon footprint and economic growth for credible climate change measures is still understudied in terms of rigorous economic causal analysis. To comprehend the magnitude and speed of the transition away from an agricultural­based economy, it is necessary to quantify and compare the levels of carbon footprint associated with the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors of the country. In order to understand each economic sector’s individual contributions to the overall carbon footprint and to assess the re­ lationship between level of economic diversification and the levels of emissions, first identify the main factors and forces that have an impact on each sector’s carbon footprint and then consider how the country’s transition away from an agricultural­based economy has affected emissions in other economic sectors. This study investigates the impact of the economy’s transition away from cash crops on carbon footprint, analyzes the conversion­affecting variables, and quantifies the significance applying the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), and then regress the model. It is found that there is an inverted U­shaped pattern in the association between carbon footprint and each of industry, service, and manufacturing value added; agriculture, however, shows insignificant inverted U­shaped pattern. In addition, we discovered that every dependent variable – aside from the GDP contribution of agriculture – has a positive correlation with carbon footprint. Analysis revealed that improving agriculture results in lower carbon dioxide emissions. While the economic contributions of agriculture are more environmentally friendly, those of industry, services, and manufacturing leave carbon footprints behind to achieve sustainability, agricultural policy subsidies and deregulation may function as driving factors for the expansion of the cash crop economy. On the one hand, tax policy may be an effective instrument for boosting low­carbon energy consumption in the sector. It is presumptive that environmental phenomena, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and flues, have not had a significant impact on the economy. This article is pertinent to the nations now dealing with significant environmental problems.


Introduction
Carbon footprint displacement has slower spillover ef fect [1,2].Environmental issues are among the most critical problems and the threat of climate change brought on by growing global warming has been a significant environ mental problem over the past thirty years.The creation of greenhouse gases (GHG), the majority of which are carbon dioxide (carbon footprint), is the primary factor causing climate change [3].According to the US EPA's 2017 re port, carbon footprint, methane, NO 2 , and fluorinated gases account for 79 %, 11 %, 7 %, and 3 % of all greenhouse gases [4].In the 5th IPCC Review Article, the international community decided that global temperatures should not rise beyond 2 °C by the twentyfirst century's end [5].
The majority of nations committed to combating environ mental pollution by establishing nationally determined con tributions by signing the Paris Agreement.Countries are encouraged to reprioritize their sustainable economic drive by promoting the economic policies explained by the en vironmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis.EKC claims that there is an inverse Ushaped relationship between in come and environmental deterioration [6].Initially, income increases in response to environmental degradation increases until a turning point is attained, and then the environmental condition is expected to revive.Previous studies indepth examined EKC relationship and tested the validity of it using various indicators.A few earlier studies looked at the applicability of EKC for Bangladesh, but their find ings were different on the basis of indicators.While the TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 4/4(72), 2023 ISSN 2664-9969 current study aims to use the valueadded components of the economy, the aforementioned studies all examined the relationship among income, environmental quality and the aggregate level of gross domestic pro duct (GDP) and some other interconnected variables.The aim of research is to examine EKC at fragmented GDP levels in terms of gross value added in manufacturing, services, industries, and agri culture.Bangladesh is expected to lose around four percent of its GDP annually because of environmental concerns [7], making it one of the nation's most susceptible to climatic change as a result of global warming.In the last 20 years, combustion of fossil fuels was responsible for about 75 % of the carbon footprint that was caused by humans.Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are the main source of electricity, manufacturing, transportation, and consumer spending, all of which are closely related to economic expansion.
There is growing concern about the potential impact of this economic transformation on carbon footprint as countries move away from a cash crop economy and toward indus trialization and serviceoriented sectors.This paper looks into how the shift from an agricultural economy to other sectors may affect carbon footprint.The study seeks to shed light on the environmental effects of economic diversification and the requirement for sustainable development policies by examining the potential ramifications of this shift.
To quantify and compare the levels of carbon footprint associated with the agricultural, industrial, and service sec tors over the 32 years period between 1990 and 2020 in Bangladesh in order to understand the extent and swiftness of the shift away from an agriculturalbased economy.After that, determine the primary forces and variables that affect the carbon footprint within each economic sector to com prehend their individual contributions to the overall carbon footprint and evaluate the relationship between Bangladesh's degree of economic diversification and the levels of emissions.Finally, consider how policy changes and regulatory actions have affected emissions in various economic sectors as the country moves away from an agriculturalbased economy.
This article intends to demonstrate how a nation's eco nomic transition affects its carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions.It refers to the effects on the nation's carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions of its transition from a cash crop economy to an alternative economy.Increased ener gy demand, altered land use, technological advancements with the potential to enable cleaner practices, changes in consump tion patterns, problems with waste generation and management, the introduction of emission regulations and policies are all common effects of industrialization.Countries must prioritize sustainable development policies to lessen the effects on the environment, which include implementing cleaner technology, boosting renewable energy, enforcing emission controls, and promoting energy efficiency and waste reduction initiatives.
Countries place a high priority on sustainable develop ment to ensure longterm economic growth while tackling issues like natural catastrophes and erratic food security.This entails encouraging economic development while pro tecting the environment, diversifying the economy, investing in renewable energy, resource efficiency, innovation, and technology, being resilient to natural disasters, practic ing sustainable agriculture, promoting social inclusivity, and putting into practice green policies and regulations.By implementing these sustainability principles, economies may pursue robust and successful growth while avoiding environmental damage and safeguarding the wellbeing of people and the world.Since natural disasters and unstable food security are the world's top concerns, increasing GDP through Carbon footprint does not guarantee sustainable economic growth.Which economy is preferable to secure longterm economic growth?
The Inverted Ushaped EKC hypothesis postulates a non linear link between environmental deterioration, particularly carbon footprint, and economic progress.Environmental deterioration increases initially when economies grow and become more industrialized.Beyond a certain point in economic advancement, the trend, however, reverses, and environmental degradation starts to decline as a result of raised environmental awareness and the adoption of cleaner technologies and policies.If an investigation reveals an impartial association between the carbon footprint and cash cropbased economic development, it suggests that the relationship between these two variables is not significant and does not follow the EKC pattern.
Hypothesis 1: Based on EKC, there is an insignificant correlation exists between cash cropbased economic devel opment and the carbon footprint.
Hypothesis 2: EKC has an inverted U shape affiliation between carbon footprint and industrialized economic growth.

Materials and Methods
2.1.Literature review.Carbon footprint is a global prob lem that needs to be addressed if a sustainable society is to be built.Previously related studied conducted and some of them are very interesting.According to research [8], GDP and Carbon footprint in Algeria have a significant relation ship between 1970 and 2010.In bivariate and multivariate models for Pakistan's 1971-2019 period [9] used the auto regressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and Johansen coin tegration to investigate the connection between Carbon footprint, energy use, and economic progress.These results show that a rapidly expanding economy and energy use have a positive and significant impact on Carbon footprint.The relationship between the use of renewable energy, economic growth, and Carbon footprint for a group of seven coun tries was examined [10] using the ARDL limit test.It is demonstrated that cointegration exists in the G7 countries when real GDP per capita and Carbon footprint are used as dependent variables.In [11] examined the connection between Carbon footprint, energy use, and GDP at the state level in the United States from 1997 to 2016 where the results demonstrate a longterm relationship between various forms of energy consumption and Carbon footprint for both static and dynamic models.In investigation [12] looked at the relationship between Carbon footprint, energy consumption, GDP, and trade liberalization.This statis tic shows that energy use and trade liberalization have a singledirection causal relationship with GDP and Car bon footprint.The contribution of several major energy sources (oil, coal, natural gas, hydroelectricity, and other renewables) to global Carbon footprint was examined in a study [13].In [14] the relationships examined among Carbon footprint, energy consumption, economic growth, exports, and population density in 11 Asian states between 1960 and 2014 in order to assess the longterm effects on Carbon footprint using FMOLS and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods.The test results suggest that these five factors have been cointegrated over time.Study in Indonesia [15], in France [16], and in Malaysia [17] TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 4/4(72), 2023 ISSN 2664-9969 all revealed how economic growth affects energy use and Carbon footprint.Many recent studies have employed the KOF index to examine how globalization has affected Carbon footprint [18][19][20].The analysis of the trajectory of Carbon footprint in Iran, Canada, and Italy using a ge neral regression neural network (GRNN) and grey wolf optimization (GWO), and the results demonstrate that the recommended technique is more accurate in longterm Carbon footprint forecasting.Iran's Carbon footprint were predicted in 2030 using time series and regression analy sis [21].Based on their results, Iran is unlikely to adhere to the Paris Agreement if business continues as usual (BAU).By using a general regression neural network (GRNN) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) to assess the trend of Carbon footprint in Iran, Canada, and Italy, and the findings show that the suggested method is more accurate in longterm Carbon footprint forecasting [20].According to findings [21], Iran is unlikely to keep its goal to the Paris agreement based on the business as usual (BAU's) assumptions.A deep learning hybrid approach was utilized in India to forecast Carbon footprint [22].The prediction was made using a deep learning hybrid model convolutional neural networklong shortterm memory (CNNLSTM).By using the simple exponential smoothing (SES) and auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models try to predict Carbon footprint.Since the ARIMA model has the lowest fractional mean absolute error (FMAE) value, they found that it is suitable.
Prior research on the EKC theory has mostly concen trated on the GDP as a whole; however, the sectoral EKC has received less attention [23].The construction sector, other economic activities, and the agricultural, forestry, and fisheries industries all had a Ushaped EKC established by the study; however, the manufacturing and transportation sectors had an inverted Ushaped relationship.It is also examined the sectoral EKC for OPEC nations and came to the conclusion that there was a positive correlation between the valueadded in the manufacturing sector and Carbon footprint, but a negative correlation between the valueadded in agricultural and Carbon footprint [24].However, it is discovered a contradictory finding for the valueadded of the service sector, with the shortterm reduction of Carbon footprint outweighing the longterm contribution to Carbon footprint.Additionally, in [25] the investigation of the EKC hypothesis for subsectors in the service industry after look ing at aggregated valueadded findings, which showed that the EKC hypothesis was supported by aggregated value added results but not by subsectors.Authors of [26,27] showed sectoral EKC for Portugal and came to conflicting conclusions on the relationship between sectoral valueadded and Carbon footprint supporting both the Nshaped and inverted Ushaped associations.To account for the above, prior research has indicated that the sectoral EKC's impact on Carbon footprint is varied that necessitates more research.In contrast to sectoral EKC, several research evaluated the EKC hypothesis while additionally using a sectoral value added variable to account for the sectoral effect.These studies likewise produced a variety of outcomes [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].It was investigated the harm that agriculture was doing to the environment.In African countries [36], Pakistan [37], G20 countries [35], Nigeria [38], E7 countries [39], and in Azerbaijan [40] supported the EKC theory, however, the relationship between the valueadded to agricultural and Carbon footprint is not unambiguous.Some research looked at other industries outside agriculture to evaluate the link.In [41] studied how South Asian nations' GDP valueadded in the manufacturing, service, and agricultural sectors impacted Carbon footprint, finding a negative correlation for agriculture and a positive correlation for those in the manufacturing and service sectors.In [42] supported the favorable correlate for industry sector valueadded across twenty emerging economies.In [43] looked into the relationship between manufacturing sector valueadded and discovered a favorable correlation.Despite the sectoral valueadded's inclusion in the EKC model, the outcomes is inconsistent and for the purpose of measuring the effect precisely, more research based on the sectoral EKC model is required.Energy consumption increases Carbon footprint.Some studies focused on the relationship between renewable energy and Carbon footprint [44][45][46][47][48] or the environmental aspects of alternative energy usage due to the negative effects of the energyintensive sectors [48].For instance, [49] discovering a causal link between popu lation growth and Carbon footprint, as well as renewable energy (RE).The per capita use of renewable energy and carbon footprint are negatively correlated, although the per capita GDP is favorably correlated [50].Longterm usage of renewable energy is beneficial in lowering consumption based Carbon footprint [51].Longterm Carbon footprint was greatly reduced by renewable energy, as demonstrated.Table 1 shows the summary of recent studies.The relation between economic growth and the primary energy consumption and the carbon footprint is positive, and the primary energy consumption has more effect on carbon footprints than growth.Moreover, the impact of growth on primary energy consumption is positive and permanent [62] Agglomerative cluster analysis, the random forest algorithm/Eindhoven, Netherlands - The effect of different categories of land use on carbon footprints is analyzed.The effect of agriculture value-added on Carbon footprint is negative and significant, while the impact is positive and significant for industrial and services value-added.The EKC does not hold Continuation of Table 1 2.2.Theory, data and model.The dramatic increase in greenhouse gas, mainly Carbon footprint, during the past few years is the primary contributor to the current serious environmental issue, warming around the world.In order to examine the relationship among all examined variables, the descriptive statistics conducted including the carbon footprint (CO 2 ), agriculture gross value added, industry gross value added, service gross value added, manufacturing gross value added, export valueadded, fo reign direct investment, trade openness, and labor force participation percentage.To assist in the mobilization of stationarity, natural logarithms (ln) have been used to all variables.EKC model, developed by Grossman and Krueger in 1995, suggests a nonlinear relationship bet ween environmental deterioration and economic growth.According to this theory, when an economy expands and develops, its effects on the environment first deteriorate, but after reaching a particular stage of economic growth, environmental degradation begins to improve.An inverted Ushaped curve is a typical graphic representation of the EKC model.The curve demonstrates that initially, envi ronmental deterioration grows as a country's GDP per capita increases.The «ascending limb» of the curve is what is referred to as this stage.Beyond a certain point in economic development, however, the curve turns, and as the economy expands further, environmental degra dation starts to decline.The «descending limb» of the curve is what we refer to as this stage.To analyze the EKC let's regress raw variable with squire term of this variable.Consequently, employing descriptive statistics for the dependent and independent variables, the study's econometric model is as follows: Carbon footprint = f(agriculture, industry, service, manufacturing, export, fdi, trade openness, labor force participation).
Table 2 shows the explained and explanatory Variables.ISSN 2664-9969

Results and Discussion
Since obtaining a desirable growth rate is one of the fundamental economic objectives, GDP growth is one of the important macroeconomic factors that determine a country's policies.However, it is impossible to ignore ecological and environmental implications.The link between economic growth and carbon footprint has so lately attracted the attention of policymakers, practitioners, and scholars.An inverted Ushaped link between economic development and carbon footprint is suggested by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, which has received support from certain recent research.The earliest studies contend that economic development leads to environmental deterio ration up until a certain point and that, after that point, environmental quality increases were those [72].Concep tually, it is true that the majority of nations are attempting to transition from cash crop economies to industrialized economies, and that the carbon footprint is now a very significant concern; nevertheless, this trend began long ago among rich countries following the industrial revolution.A country's entire output of completed goods and services during a certain period of time, often a year or quarter, is measured as its gross domestic product, or GDP.This makes it a measurement of domestic output and a tool for assessing the state of an economy.A country's GDP, which calculates the value added to each industry, is made up of three different sectors: agriculture, industry, and services.In countries where value added is recorded at basic prices, net indirect taxes are reported as a distinct line item.The valueadded shares for industry, services, and agriculture are included in the World Development Indicators as a subset of industry, which includes manufacturing.All the information about the variables, observations, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum amount is provided in Table 3.
In Table 4, all the variables have a strong positive linear connection, as seen by their correlation coefficients, which are all more than 0.9.Since correlation does not indicate causa lity, it is imperative to proceed with caution when examining correlations among variables.Correlation does not establish a causeandeffect link, even if it indicates the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two variables; however, they indicate that they are linked with one another.An increase in agriculture, industry, service, manufactur ing, export, FDI, trade openness, labor force participation activities may lead to an increase in carbon footprint levels.
In Table 5 the descriptive statistics conducted with all examined variables, including the carbon footprint, agriculture gross value added, industry gross value added, service gross value added, manufacturing gross value added, export valueadded, foreign direct investment, trade open ness, and labor force participation percentage, are criti cally described.All estimations in this model employ the log transformation of all variables.There are a total of 33 observations made during a 33year period, from 1990 to 2022, with the highest averages in case of dependent variable for the service, industrial, and trade openness.While the minimal range of the standard deviation for the other five variables is less than one, the standard deviation for export, FDI, and trade openness is greater than one.The descriptive statistics conclude that the behaviors of variables are acceptable and reliable.In Table 6, it shows that the coefficient of GDP per capita titled «cgdp_pc2» will represent the curvature of the EKC relationship between «carbon_footprint» and «cgdp_pc» (Fig. 1).For a onedollar increase in GDP per capita centered «cgdp_pc», the «carbon_footprint» is expected to increase by 58.15 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % le vel (pvalue < 0.001).This suggests a positive relationship between economic development and carbon footprint.For a onedollar increase in GDP per capita in the squared «cgdp_pc2», the «carbon_footprint» is expected to decrease by 0.024 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % level (pvalue < 0.001).This suggests a quadratic relationship between GDP per capita and carbon footprint, following an inverted Ushaped en vironmental Kuznets curve pattern.
In Table 7, it shows that the coefficient of agriculture squire will represent the curvature of the EKC relationship between «carbon_footprint» and «agriculture» (Fig. 2).For a one million dollar increase in agriculture, the «car bon_footprint» is expected to increase by 2.97 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % level (pvalue < 0.001).This suggests a positive relationship between agricultural development and carbon footprint.For a onedollar increase in agriculture in the squared, the «carbon_footprint» is expected to decrease by 0.0000646 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % level (pvalue < 0.001).This suggests a quadratic relationship between agriculture and carbon footprint, following an inverted Ushaped envi ronmental Kuznets curve pattern.However, the coeffi cient of agriculture squire (β 2 ) is negative and close to zero (-0.0000646) which shows EKC has not a more pronounced inverted U shape affiliation between carbon footprint and agriculture value addition to GDP.The sta tistical significance of β 2 is crucial to figure out whether the curvature in the relationship is meaningful and not due to random chance.A statistically significant β 2 strengthens the case for the presence of an EKC pattern.The magni tude of β 2 indicates the strength of the curvature in the relationship.A larger absolute value of β 2 suggests a more pronounced Ushaped or inverted Ushaped relationship.ISSN 2664-9969 In Table 8, it shows that the coefficient of industry squire stands for the curvature of the EKC relationship between (Fig. 3).For a one million dollar increase in in dustry, the «carbon_footprint» is expected to increase by 1.06 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % level (pvalue < 0.001).However, the coefficient of industry squire (β 2 ) is negative and a larger absolute value (7.7) which shows EKC has a more pronounced inverted U shape affiliation between carbon footprint and industry value addition to GDP.The magnitude of β 2 indi cates the strength of the curvature in the relationship and a larger absolute value of β 2 suggests a more pronounced Ushaped or inverted Ushaped relationship.
In Table 9, it shows that the coefficient of service squire stands for the curvature of the EKC relationship between (Fig. 4).For a one million dollar increase in service, the «carbon_footprint» is expected to increase by 0.63 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % level (pvalue < 0.001).However, the coefficient of service squire (β 2 ) is negative and an absolute value (2.8) which shows EKC has a moderate pronounced inverted U shape affiliation between carbon footprint and service value addition to GDP.The magnitude of β 2 indicates the strength of the curvature in the rela tionship and a larger absolute value of β 2 suggests a more pronounced Ushaped or inverted Ushaped relationship.ISSN 2664-9969 In Table 10, it shows that the coefficient of manufactur ing squire stands for the curvature of the EKC relation ship between (Fig. 5).For a one million dollar increase in manufacturing, the «carbon_footprint» is expected to increase by 1.67 million kg, holding all other variables constant and it is significant at 1 % level (pvalue < 0.001).However, the coefficient of manufacturing squire (β 2 ) is close to zero (-0.0000191) which shows EKC has an in significant inverted U shape affiliation between carbon footprint and manufacturing value addition to GDP.The magnitude of β 2 indicates the strength of the curvature in the relationship and a larger absolute value of β 2 sug gests a more pronounced Ushaped or inverted Ushaped relationship.It is noted that manufacturing is belonging to Industry.
Additionally, Tables 11-15 make it abundantly evi dent that, with the exception of Agriculture Gross Value Added (AGC), all other variables have positive, substantial effects on carbon footprint, making each variable indivi dually accountable for carbon footprints and environmental degradation; however, combined results shown in Table 15 are slightly different.ISSN 2664-9969 Legal Obligations and Policy Suggestions.The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC was adopted in 1997 to intro duce more robust legally binding GHG emission reduc tion targets and timelines, which were absent from the UNFCCC.The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005 and currently has 192 Parties [66].The essential tenet of the Kyoto Protocol was that industrialized nations needed to lessen the amount of their CO 2 emissions.Countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol were assigned maximum carbon footprint levels for specific periods and participated in carbon credit trading.If a country emitted more than its assigned limit, then it would be penalized by receiving a lower emissions limit in the following period [73].After that, the Paris Agreement became a landmark in the mul tilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations together to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.Its overarching goal is to hold the increase in the global average tempera ture to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels [74].The Paris Agreement is organized to respect state sovereignty with a bottomup TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 4/4(72), 2023 ISSN 2664-9969 structure of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), which allows Parties to communicate actions taken to reduce their own Green House Gas emissions.To enforce accountability however, there are also structures in place including a transparency system, which contains certain information sharing obligations under Articles 4 and 13; a global stocktake process, which begins in 2023 and in volves collective progress tracking and assessment every five years under Article 14; and a compliance mechanism, which designates a committee to facilitate implementation and promotion of compliance under Article 15 [75].Also, some regional associations of countries, like ASEAN, EU, Pacific countries, and Southeast or South Asian countries have taken regional attempts to reduce carbon footprint based on unified projects.Bangladesh enacted several laws, rules, and policies to address the carbon footprint issue with severe importance but still, there are some loopholes that need to be noticed.Bangladesh should formulate poli cies regarding sustainable development in the agricultural sector as well as foster industrialization with due care to international legal obligations to mitigate carbon pollution.In the upcoming days, considering the amount of po pulation and the need for development in every sector, such as agriculture, trade, industrialization, service, and manufacture of products, Bangladesh should take appro priate policies which can harmonize all the needs while keeping the carbon footprint at the lowest as possible.Taxation may be imposed on specific trade and business where carbon footprint is at an alarming level.Besides this, the reduction of tax may be provided to those in puts, in agriculture, where carbon footprint is minimal.This strategy may inspire companies to give attention to environmental pollution by reducing carbon footprint.Rigorous research work and analysis are required to de termine the execution process of such vast work with the collaboration of government agencies, civil society, NGOs, international communities, local communities as well as educational institutions.
Practical significance of the research.The study's findings have significance far beyond Bangladesh's boundaries since they highlight the beneficial carbon reduction potential inherent in agricultural economies while also highlighting the burden of carbon emissions associated with industrial economies.These results have intrinsic significance for an international audience since they cut beyond geographic barriers to provide a thorough foundation for sustainable development.The paper provides an invaluable reference point for governments around the world struggling with the challenge of balancing economic growth with ecologi cal stewardship by assessing the relative environmental effect of various economic sectors.Policymakers and other stakeholders can use the knowledge gained from this re search as a guide to help them pursue growth models that put sustainability first.The study's disclosure of the crucial role of agriculture in carbon footprint reduction provides a revolutionary story in a society grappling with the urgency of climate change and its effects.No matter how different their economies and regions are, all nations may learn from Bangladesh's experience and use what they learn to reevaluate their economic strategies and investment choices.It emphasizes the idea that placing a strategic priority on agriculture may help achieve global climate goals set forth in international accords like the Paris Agreement in addition to spurring economic growth.The study's consequences penetrate the fabric of society awareness and go beyond simple policy issues.A compelling story for lobbying and awareness efforts is the comparison of agriculture's positive carbon footprint impact with the burden of industrial sectors' carbon emissions.
Limitations and prospects for further research.While the study effectively highlights the comparative carbon footprint reduction potential of agricultural economies versus carbon emissions from industrial economies, it might have slightly overlooked the broader environmental impacts of agricultural practices beyond carbon, such as water use and pesticide effects.The prospects for further re search are promising, with opportunities to conduct life cycle assessments encompassing environmental impacts, explore technological innovations within both sectors, analyze regional variations, delve into circular economy approaches, understand the social and economic dimensions of sustainable transitions, study consumer behavior, assess policy implications comprehensively, and scrutinize long term trends in economic transformations.These potential research directions can contribute to a more comprehen sive and nuanced understanding of the interplay between economic activities and sustainability, enriching policy recommendations and paving the way for more informed decisionmaking.

Conclusions
This paper uncovers the significance of the impact of carbon footprint due to agriculture, manufacturing products, services, and other traderelated activities.It shows the interrelation between GDP growth and carbon footprint based on several methods and tests.The current study looked at the relationship between carbon footprint and economic value added from manufacturing, services, indus try, and agriculture by adding to the body of literature on EKC.The analysis discovered that adding value to agriculture reduces carbon dioxide emissions.In addition, the study discovered that the EKC hypothesis holds true in terms of the valueadded to industry, manufacturing, services, and agriculture.Additionally, the economic con tributions of industry, services, and manufacturing result in carbon footprints, whereas the economic contribution of agriculture is ecologically preferable.As a result, there is an inverted Ushaped pattern in the association be tween carbon footprint and each of industry, service, and manufacturing value added; agriculture, however, shows insignificant inverted Ushaped pattern.In addition, we discovered that every dependent variable -aside from the GDP contribution of agriculture -has a positive con nection with carbon footprint.The significance of this study is that it provides policy recommendations to the government and the key players in the industry, service, and agriculture industries.In order to avoid the issue of the present trend of environmental sustainability in the sector, the sustainable approach should be broadened in the area of agriculture.In order to do this, on the one hand, tax policy may be a triedandtrue tool for promot ing lowcarbon energy usage in the sector, while on the other hand, agricultural policy subsidies and deregulation may work as motivating elements for the growth of the cash crop economy.It is possible to see this as a potential development area in the present study that should be of concern to decisionmakers.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Relationship between GDP per capita and carbon footprint: a -c gdp_pc2 ; b -c gdp_pc a b

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Relationship between manufacturing and carbon footprint: a -c manufacturing2 ; b -c manufacturing a b

Table 1
Summary of recent studiesThere is no significant relation between agricultural GDP growth and Carbon footprint for lower middle-, upper middle-, and high-income countries, whereas the relationship is significant and positive for low-income countries In the long run, the relation between economic growth and urbanization and Carbon footprint is positive and significant, while the relation is also positive but insignificant for livestock.Specifically, crops, fisheries, and renewable energy significantly and inversely affect Carbon footprint.The EKC holds [49]outcome of agriculture has a positive and significant effect on Carbon footprint from liquid with a 36.75 % increase in environmental degradation and a negative impact on Carbon footprint in the total emissions by 19.12 %[54]Structural fracture unit root tests, ARDL, Toda-Yamamoto causality test/Turkey 1968-2016 There is cointegration.In the long term, Carbon footprint is diminished by agriculture value-added and agricultural land.The EKC holds for Turkey[49]Panel cointegration and Granger causality/13 developed and developing countries in Asia Pacific Region 2005-2017 AGR↔GDP In the short run, the causality between agriculture and CO 2 is bidirectional.The causality between renewable energy, population, and Carbon footprint is one-way TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 4/4(72), 2023The EKC holds for nitrous oxide emissions but not for Carbon footprint and fossil fuel energy consumption.Industry value-added raises CO 2 and nitrous oxide emissions, while it decreases fossil fuel energy consumption

Table 2
Explained and explanatory Variables Labor force participation (PLP)Representing the percentage of labor force participation Percentage of people LPLP WDI TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES -№ 4/4(72), 2023

Table 3
Summary model descriptive statistics

Table 5
Log summary equation descriptive statistics

Table 9
Linear regression on environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) equation

Table 11
Linear regression agc model equation summary statistics

Table 13
Linear regression on SGC model equation summary statistics