Reporter of the Priazovskyi State Technical University. Section: Technical sciences

Methodology for developing a technological process for restoration of camshaft of marine engines with wear-resistant coatings

M.S. Ahieiev — 2025-10-30

One of the tasks of forming multifunctional coatings to ensure a given friction nodes resource can be considered to be taking into account the behavior of interdependent parameters of the system «repair technology - part – operation». Random changes in technological and operational factors complicate the assessment of material parameters in the process of forming a wear-resistant coating and its selection and do not provide the opportunity to make adjustments, as well as to take into account structural changes in the surface layer of the material during technical operation. In recent years, the solution to the problem of increasing the operational properties of friction nodes has been increasingly linked to the development of methods for applying wear-resistant coatings in the process of restoration repair. The selection of wear-resistant coatings is carried out according to such a basic indicator as the magnitude of wear [1]. However, this aspect alone is not enough to optimally determine the material and method for creating a protective coating for parts subject to friction. It is important to consider the structural and technological needs that arise during the use process as a whole [2]. The article presents a methodology for designing a technological process for restoring worn surfaces of friction nodes. It can be used as a typical one for components of the technological process for forming wear-resistant coatings, which ensures interaction between factors that characterize the technological process, as well as for identifying controllable factors. The object of design is the technological process of restoring the camshaft of a ship's engine by applying multifunctional coatings during the repair process, which ensures a given service life

An integrated model of crew behavior factors incorporation into the ship's safety system

P. Nykytyuk — 2025-10-30

The article presents an integrated mathematical model for managing the operational safety of ships, which comprehensively takes into account both the technical aspects of the degradation of safety barriers and the behavioral factors of the crew. The authors substantiate the need to move from a purely technocratic approach to risk assessment to a multifactorial analysis that reflects the real dynamics of impacts in a complex marine environment. In particular, attention is focused on how the psychophysiological state of crew members (fatigue, emotional burnout, inattention) can accelerate the degradation of technical systems and lead to premature achievement of critical values of the integrated risk index (SIRI). The model is based on a modular approach with the ability to adapt to the type of vessel, the nature of the cargo, the level of automation and external conditions. The developed system allows not only to record the current level of risk, but also to predict future threats, taking into account changes in crew behavior and technical condition. For this purpose, it is proposed to use machine learning tools, in particular, models based on recurrent neural networks (such as LSTM), which are trained on sequences of ship state parameters. Particular attention is paid to the development of scenarios for the system's response to critical situations, and the possibility of integrating the model into digital navigation and diagnostic systems is substantiated. Numerical experiments and scenario analysis confirm the high efficiency of the model in predicting the development of emergencies, reducing response time and reducing the likelihood of catastrophic consequences. The proposed model is a step towards the creation of fully functional intelligent decision support systems (DSS) for a new generation of shipping, where risk management is carried out in real time, taking into account both technical and human factors

Study of the variability of the «monsoon depression» in the bay of Bengal

G. Tomchakovsky — 2025-10-30

Monsoon depressions (MD), as areas of low pressure that form over the Bay of Bengal, have a significant impact on weather conditions during the summer monsoon. They are characterized by stormy winds, high waves, intense cloudiness and heavy rains, posing a danger to maritime navigation and coastal infrastructure in the region. The temporal variability of MD is characterized by significant changes in a wide range of scales - from interannual to intramonthly. Understanding the reasons that control the variability of the MD regime is necessary to reduce risks and losses in the maritime transport sector, which plays a key role in the world economy. Two types of MDs of the Bay of Biscay, including those with a radius of up to 2 thousand km, were studied. It was shown that both types of MDs, under favorable conditions, are equally transformed into a tropical cyclone. It was determined that the formation of MDs in the Bay of Biscay does not contribute to the sustainable development of the summer monsoon circulation. It was determined that the formation of MDs during the summer monsoon is typical only for the Bay of Biscay. This difference is associated with special conditions in the ocean atmosphere that arise due to convective instability over the sparse ocean zones in river deltas. It was established for the first time that MDs in the Bay of Biscay are formed cyclically, that is, under the influence of certain conditions. The time of MD formation coincides with a temporary decrease in centrifugal force under conditions of a decrease in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation around its axis. This is confirmed by the fact that the cyclical formation of MD in the Bay of Biscay stops during a local increase in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation during the summer solstice. The results obtained create a basis for improving the quality of weather forecasts on sea routes in the northern Indian Ocean and optimizing strategies for minimizing weather risks for the maritime industry

The impact of proactive ship handling on reducing the ship's vibration and hydroacoustic noise

V. Kucherenko — 2025-10-30

The article presents a comprehensive study of the influence of ship control parameters-in particular, course, trim, and speed-on the vibration level of ship structural elements and the intensity of underwater noise radiation (URN). This paper considers that the torque fluctuations of the main engine and the uneven rotation of the propeller shaft are significantly amplified in rough seas, especially in the absence of effective course correction and control of the ship's heel and trim parameters. Such fluctuations cause increased stress on the shafting components, the main engine base, and the ship's hull, which, in turn, leads to an increase in structural noise and acoustic stress on the marine environment. Within the scope of this study, an approach to optimizing ship control and monitoring the ship's seaworthiness is reviewed. Changing the ship's course relative to the direction of the wave front, along with correcting the trim and speed of the ship, reduces hydrodynamic flow asymmetry and torsional loads, thereby reducing structural vibrations and underwater noise. Spectral signal processing algorithms, in particular discrete Fourier transform, were used to analyze vibrations, which made it possible to identify the main sources of excitation of low-frequency harmonics associated with the propeller and shaft line. Vibration activity was measured and evaluated in accordance with international standards ISO 6954 and ISO 20283-5, taking into account the criteria for acceptable vibration levels for structural elements and ensuring the viability of ship systems. The results of the analysis formed the basis for the development of recommendations for practical ship maneuvering aimed at reducing the acoustic impact on the environment. The methodology proposed in the article allows for the assessment and reduction of structural vibrations and URN without structural changes, relying solely on effective ship management. The research materials are of practical importance for sea vessel crews, navigation system designers, and automated control system developers. They are also consistent with current IMO requirements for minimizing underwater noise in areas of high environmental sensitivity. The article presents a comprehensive methodology for reducing noise pollution based on a combination of ship management solutions, control of ship seaworthiness, hull dynamic characteristics, and technical control and ship condition standards

Features of assessment and prediction of the condition of ship heat exchangers in the operation system based on digital twin technology

I.V. Gritsuk — 2025-10-30

One of the main directions for improving marine power plants is to increase their efficiency in the processes of heat energy conversion within individual system components. These processes are governed by the laws of thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and heat and mass transfer, and they determine the efficiency coefficient of the installation, the amount of heat and harmful emissions, service life, as well as the compactness and overall performance of the systems. Heat exchangers, as essential components of power plants, play a crucial role in shaping these indicators. The need for improvement of ship power plant equipment and heat exchangers has been substantiated, which defines the practical demand for the development, enhancement, and implementation of scientific and technical solutions aimed at intensifying heat transfer processes under ship operating conditions. The features of assessment and prediction of the state of marine heat exchangers in operation are justified and systematically considered, based on the digital twin technology of cargo vessels and ship power plants. A model and an information-based complex system have been developed for addressing the research tasks. This allows further investigation through an aggregated model representing the digital twin of an intelligent management system for the operation of cargo vessels and ship power plants. The theoretical and experimental justification for the studied application has been provided, focusing on practical methods for forming a digital twin to represent the performance of ship heat exchange equipment under real operating conditions. An example of applying this method to an actual ship heat exchanger is presented

Thermal strengthening of iron ore pellets on steel perforated beds

Ye.V. Chuprynov — 2025-10-30

The purpose of the work is to substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of using steel perforated grates instead of grate bars in the process of heat treatment of iron ore pellets. The tasks include improving the metallurgical characteristics of pellets, reducing the consumption of heat-resistant steels, and improving the energy efficiency of roasting machines. The research was conducted in semi-industrial (bowl-type installation) and experimental-industrial conditions on conveyor kilns (SM-306, SM-552). It has been established that the optimal live cross-section of a perforated grate with a thickness of 5 mm is 19-20 % with elongated holes with straight edges. Semi-industrial tests have shown that the metallurgical characteristics of pellets calcined on a perforated grate are 3–5% (relative) better in all respects compared to pellets calcined on grates. At the same time, the specific productivity of the installation increased from 0.8 to 0.805 t/m²·hour. Based on these data, a design of grooved perforated pallets with a live cross-section of 20.1 % was developed for industrial testing. The roasting trolley with pallets operated continuously for over 2,280 hours without clogging the holes, forming scale, breaking down, or warping. The maximum temperature of the waste gases under the pallets did not exceed 780 °C due to an increase in the height of the bottom bed (to 215-230 mm instead of 100 mm). Industrial tests confirmed that the strength characteristics of pellets burned on the bottom (especially in the lower layer) are higher, and the abrasion and gas permeability indicators during recovery are better compared to pellets from a grate trolley. The key scientific and practical result is the development and successful industrial testing of a perforated steel grate design, which reduces the consumption of high-alloy metal by 85–87 % compared to grate bars, increases the productivity of roasting machines, and improves the metallurgical properties of pellets. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive experimental study of perforated grate bars in industrial conditions and the establishment of optimal geometric parameters for the holes. The practical significance lies in significant savings in expensive materials and increased heat treatment efficiency without major production reconstruction. Further research may be directed toward optimizing the choice of steel grade for hearths (taking into account the high temperature of scale formation) to ensure maximum service life

Study of the features of ozone propagation along an oxygen jet created by a high-voltage electric discharge at the outlet of a blowing lance

S.I. Semykin — 2025-10-30

The oxygen converter process, which is currently the only competitive method of mass production of steel in world practice, is quite fast in terms of time and complex due to high temperatures and limited ability to influence the course of the processes accompanying it from the outside. It occurs due to the interaction of a supersonic oxygen flow with a molten metal bath containing liquid cast iron, molten scrap metal and other additional materials. That is, the key link for the converter process is the course of redox exchange processes with the participation of oxygen, which are heterogeneous and have different time of course depending on the place of flow, the “actors” other than oxygen, the intensity of the movement of molten masses and the activity of the oxygen flow itself (how and in what quantity oxygen penetrates between the interfaces of the phases that interact and react with other elements). Accordingly, to intensify the oxygen converter process, it is necessary to activate the oxidation processes, which is possible due to the activation of the oxygen flow, for example, when converting part of the oxygen into ozone. The work conducted a study of ozone generation by a high-voltage electric discharge directly at the outlet of the blow nozzle of the top oxygen lance and its distribution along the oxygen jet. It was established that the maximum level of ozone concentration along the length of the jet is observed at a distance of 5-7 calibers and further, as the jet expands, its concentration decreases as a result of dilution with oxygen. According to cross-sectional studies, the concentration of ozone in the center of the jet throughout the entire flow was established. Based on the results obtained, an empirical coefficient of expansion of the oxygen jet was developed to assess ozone productivity. It was established that when the discharge at the outlet of the blowing nozzle is at a distance of 40 calibers (which is the working height of the blowing lance relative to the level of the metal bath in the oxygen converter in industrial conditions), the ozone productivity along the length of the oxygen jet will be 15 mg/min, which, according to the authors, will be sufficient to activate oxidative processes in the converter bath

Optimization of high-pressure die casting parameters for aluminum alloys considering pressing dynamics

K.O. Kreitser — 2025-10-30

In the article a comprehensive approach is proposed to improve the technological process of high-pressure die casting of aluminum alloys, which considers the dynamics of molten metal pressing within the mold-forming chamber. This work substantiates the theoretical foundations of the interdependence between melt feed regimes, gating system configuration, Al-Si alloy characteristics, and the mechanisms of internal structure formation in castings. Particular attention is paid to the influence of piston movement speed, compression pressure level, thermal gradients in the die, and phase transitions occurring during solidification. The theoretical analysis is based on the principles of hydrodynamics, thermokinetics, and deformable body mechanics, enabling the creation of an integrated model of the casting process as a multifactorial and unstable system. The study emphasizes the complexity of cavity filling control at high injection speeds and short casting cycles, which are typical for industrial foundry systems. It has been established that the dynamic characteristics of the molten metal flow critically affect the risks of defects such as gas entrapment, turbulent weld lines, localized porosity, and thermal cracking. A theoretical model based on the finite element method was developed to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of temperature fields, pressure, flow velocity, and solidification density in key areas of the die. Based on this modeling, a set of theoretical recommendations was developed for the variable regulation of piston speed and metal compression rate depending on the stage of cavity filling. It is demonstrated that implementing adaptive thermokinetic control principles – in particular, managing heat dissipation through cooled channels in the die – enables the reduction of internal stresses, preservation of structural homogeneity, and uniform cooling across the entire casting volume. The improved cooling cycle control algorithm minimizes the holding time before die opening, thereby reducing the production cycle duration without compromising product quality. The summarized results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical approach: modeling calculations show that defect rates can be reduced by 30–40%, and casting density increased by more than 10% compared to conventional process maps. The proposed system for optimizing high-pressure die casting parameters of aluminum alloys enhances technological reliability, energy efficiency, and result reproducibility – which is especially relevant in the context of production digitalization and the implementation of “smart casting” concepts. The integration of dynamic modeling with adaptive control opens new possibilities for creating self-regulating casting systems capable of self-learning and automatic parameter correction in response to material property changes or external conditions

Environmental impact assessment as a tool for implementing the principles of sustainable development

O.O. Bakulich — 2025-10-30

The article considers the synthesis of the concepts of sustainable development and environmental impact assessment procedures as the main approaches to environmentally responsible planning. The purpose of the article is to systematize the theoretical basis of sustainable development and determine the role that environmental impact assessment of planned activities plays in the practical implementation of this concept. The study uses methods of systematic and comparative legal analysis of international standards and summarizes current experience in the implementation of environmental assessments. It reveals the three-part structure of sustainable development through economic, social, and environmental dimensions and analyzes the evolution of international initiatives. The methodology for conducting environmental impact assessments is examined in detail, including the stages of preliminary assessment, determination of the scope of assessment, basic research, impact forecasting, and development of measures to minimize potential impacts. Particular attention is paid to the system of sustainability indicators (carbon footprint, water footprint, biodiversity index), which allow for a quantitative assessment of the contribution of projects to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.. The need to ensure transparency of processes and active public participation as the basis for trust in institutional mechanisms is justified. The main challenges of current practice related to climate change, cumulative effects, and the transboundary impact of projects are identified. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive approach to considering sustainable development and environmental impact assessment as complementary concepts. The practical significance of the work is determined by its potential use for environmentally responsible planning

Features of waste minimization in the technological process of bread production

V.S. Voloshyn — 2025-10-30

The paper considers studies related to waste minimization in traditional industrial technologies of bread production. It is shown that with a relatively small amount of organic waste that is easily disposed of in the post-production period, there is an irresistible amount of energy waste that reaches large sizes, related to the world production volumes of this important product for humans. Despite certain modern technologies and rates of bread production, the issue of industrial waste exists and is not solved. The article proposes the results of the study of the theoretically grounded minimum of waste of the general type, regarding the technology of bread production, develops a technique that allows using the principle of thermodynamic duality as a mechanism responsible for the generation of waste in the technological process, as the main one that allows minimizing the formation of waste within the technological process itself. The limits that exist in achieving the desired result, the distribution of the minimum possible waste between the stages of the technological process are shown, it is recommended to use modified energy of external influence, as able to process that part of the raw material that under certain conditions is able to get into waste, but with the help of new energy is capable of some useful qualities that make it a useful product within the technological process itself. It is shown how it is possible to use resonant energy sources to achieve the goal of minimizing energy losses in the technological process of bread production as much as possible. Referring to the theoretically grounded minimum of waste generation, the proposed method of introducing the modified energy of resonant oscillations into the technological process allows not only to reduce heat energy losses by an order of magnitude, but also to reduce the loss of organic waste to the maximum possible 3% of the raw materials used in the technology due to resonant interactions with raw water molecules

Methods of correction of current values of technological parameters in automated control systems

O.I. Simkin — 2025-10-30

The issue of organizing the collection and processing of technological information in an automated process control system (APCS) within the framework of its information subsystem operation is considered. The main tasks that arise during the development of software for the information subsystem are highlighted: determining the sensor polling time, selecting signal averaging methods, and selecting filtering algorithms. Based on the review of scientific articles, the current state of these issues has been assessed. The purpose of the study has been defined, the methods for solving the tasks have been described, and a physical prototype of a nominal technological object has been created. A system for collecting and processing analog signals has been implemented, and experiments have been conducted to measure technological parameters (temperature, air velocity) under various values of control actions. Algorithms for filtering and correcting analog signals have been selected. Methods for correcting temperature errors, accounting for the dynamics and magnitudes of control actions, have been established. A combination of filtering, correction, and mathematical modeling methods has been applied to create and test a digital twin of a technological unit with thermal and aerodynamic processes. The expediency of using a Kalman filter for rapidly changing parameters and a combination of a median filter and an aperiodic filter for slowly varying parameters has been demonstrated. The expediency of applying dynamic corrections that account for the rate of change of slowly varying parameters has also been demonstrated. An adaptive mathematical model with variable parameters, based on the range of control actions, has been developed in the form of a set of elementary links. The object parameters have been identified using the obtained experimental data; several variants of automatic control systems have been developed and tested; and the results of control system simulation have been analyzed

Analysis of the implementation of modern technologies to increase the efficiency of ship electric power systems

V.V. Polyvoda — 2025-10-30

The work focused on research of current technologies for optimizing shipboard electrical power systems. It examined the challenges and factors driving progress in this field, such as the negative impact of the maritime industry on the environment and the constant growth of competition. Examples of the most effective technological advances are provided, including LED-based lighting systems, energy-efficient electric motors, variable frequency drives, and hybrid power sources. The strategies aimed at promoting rational and conscious energy consumption, with the effective management of energy storage systems are analysed. Significant attention is dedicated to the integration of alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind power and their potential to contribute to the decarbonization of shipping and reduce dependence on traditional fuels. Hybrid propulsion systems, waste heat recovery systems and advanced energy management are explored as comprehensive and integrated approaches to optimizing energy consumption on vessels. The rapid development of energy storage solutions, such as lithium-ion batteries, is noted, which are very important in ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of hybrid and fully electric ships. The article provides a comparative analysis of the considered optimization approaches based on key criteria, such as fuel economy, emission reduction level, overall reliability and economic feasibility of implementation. In addition, the article illustrates the successful application of these optimization strategies on different types of ships, ranging from small ferries to large container ships and cruise liners. A separate section presents an overview of the latest scientific research and publications in this field and future trends and development directions in ship power system optimization including the growing role of digitalization, automation, the use of artificial intelligence, the adoption of alternative fuels

Automation technologies in ship systems maintenance: problems and ways to improve through cross-sector experience

O.O. Samoilov — 2025-10-30

The cross-sector borrowing of advanced automation technologies from the aviation, railway, automotive, energy, aerospace, and logistics sectors is considered to improve the reliability, safety, and efficiency of maritime transport maintenance. This study emphasizes the importance of transitioning from traditional scheduled maintenance to approaches based on actual technical condition and failure prediction. Based on a review of successful solutions in other industries, the article analyzes the possibilities of adapting the following innovations in the maritime industry: the introduction of equipment remote monitoring, digital twins, internet of things (IoT) sensors, diagnostic systems and machine learning for technical condition analysis, the use of drones and autonomous robots for inspection and emergency work, as well as the development of comprehensive digital maintenance management platforms. The article demonstrates that such technologies have already proven their efficiency in related sectors - reducing the number of accidents by 30–70%, reducing repair costs by up to 40%, and reducing downtime by 20–50%. At the same time, the maritime industry implements these approaches slowly, due to the lack of open databases for training forecasting models and the absence of unified standards for exchanging technical information. The paper emphasizes the need for a systematic approach to integrating predictive maintenance into water transport, creating a regulatory framework, developing a digital fleet infrastructure, and training personnel to work with new monitoring and analysis tools. The paper provides examples of already implemented initiatives, including remote monitoring of ships' engines, the use of certified drones for tank inspections, and analytical platforms for fleet maintenance management. It also describes potential future developments, such as repairing drones, autonomous firefighting modules, and digital ship health passports. The study's results indicate that implementing predictive maintenance can become a key direction in the digital transformation of the maritime industry. This will not only increase the reliability of vessels and the safety of crews but also significantly reduce operating costs, minimize environmental risks, and ensure a higher level of fleet readiness for modern challenges

Software and hardware tools for sea logistics transportation in uncertainty conditions

O. Sharko — 2025-10-30

The article considers the issues of modeling and support of management decisions on the development of maritime transport using software and hardware and tools for information support of logistics solutions. It is shown that the management of transport transportation in conditions of uncertainty requires content analysis of information on the possibility of implementing a dialogue between a consumer and a computer, creating an interactive educational environment, identifying the components of this environment, the specifics of their meaningful interpretation. A model of the educational environment of maritime transport logistics is proposed, consisting of system and application software, software and hardware solutions, elements of dynamic support of management processes. The structuring of system and application programming tasks is performed. The content of the platforms of the system software for transport logistics is considered, indicating the implementation programs. The purpose of the components of the application software is described. The means of installing and editing tasks of the application software for transport logistics are highlighted, which include adaptation to the smartphone screen, technical support of the service, adjusting the content to other versions, creating an interactive on one screen. The article describes the means of interaction with the content of the marine information architecture, providing interactive navigation through existing information resources, which include feedback forms, online recordings, interactivity buttons, interactive inserts, phone cameras, archival storage, information blocks, and visual style. Recommendations are made for creating an interactive site for the logistics of marine transport carried out under conditions of uncertainty of the influence of the external environment

Legal conflicts in the practice of organizing multimodal transport involving sea carriage: risks and managerial consequences in emergency situations

A.M. Ibrahim — 2025-10-30

The article analyzes the key organizational problems and managerial risks arising in the practice of multimodal transportation involving sea transport due to the fragmentation of international and national legislation. It explores how legal conflicts affect the efficiency of logistics chains, especially in emergency situations. The aim of this work is to identify systemic shortcomings in the legal field and develop practical recommendations to minimize their negative impact on the transportation process. The research methodology combines a comparative analysis of key international conventions and the Law of Ukraine «On Multimodal Transportation of Goods» with a systemic approach to assessing their consequences for transport operators and cargo owners. It has been established that the network liability model implemented in Ukraine creates a "patchwork" compensation system in practice, which generates significant financial and operational risks for market participants, complicating insurance and claims settlement processes. The practical consequences of such conflicts are analyzed, such as the preservation of the archaic norm on the carrier's exemption from liability for navigational error, which reduces the reliability of the sea leg of the transport, and the discrepancy in the statutes of limitation. Special attention is paid to the impact of the legal vacuum in the regulation of transportation under martial law, which creates managerial paralysis in matters of military risk insurance. It is substantiated that the absence of an imperative norm for the digitalization of document flow, unlike in EU law, creates non-tariff barriers and slows down integration into the European transport space. The scientific novelty lies in the development of proposals aimed at improving the managerial and organizational aspects of transportation by reforming the legal framework. Specific steps are proposed for the harmonization of legislation, which will increase the predictability, safety, and efficiency of multimodal supply chains

Modernization of CHP turbo blowers: technical aspects of compressor replacement

A. Yalova — 2025-10-30

Purpose of the study. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of replacing the compressor to ensure the delivery of blast air with the required parameters to Blast Furnace No. 9 (BF-9), maintain stable furnace operation, and guarantee the necessary blast volume during the subsequent reconstruction of the blower system. Materials and Methods. The study utilized data on the existing parameters and characteristics of the compressor unit, particularly the compressor’s operating parameters that determine the required conditions for the stable operation of the blast system at BF-9. The method of technical analysis of compressor units was applied: to compare various compressor models, technical specifications of the current compressor and potential replacement candidates were collected. Parameters such as efficiency, power, energy consumption, and their impact on furnace stability were compared. Statistical analysis methods were used to assess system performance before and after the compressor replacement, enabling the evaluation of changes in energy efficiency, operational stability, and maintenance costs. Results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development and implementation of a methodology for compressor replacement in the compressor unit to ensure the stable operation of the blast system for BF-9 PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih». It was established and justified for the first time that replacing the compressor with a modern model not only optimizes blast parameters but also reduces energy consumption and increases the overall efficiency of the compressor unit under increased load conditions. The study also includes a comprehensive analysis of the impact of modernization on the intercooling system and identifies new factors contributing to the long-term stability and reliability of the unit during reconstruction. Practical Significance. The practical significance of this study lies in the development of recommendations for compressor replacement in compressor units to ensure stable operation of the blast system at BF-9. Compressor replacement significantly improves energy efficiency, reduces energy consumption, and lowers maintenance costs. The implementation of the proposed solutions ensures uninterrupted and stable operation of the blast furnace, which is crucial for maintaining high productivity and product quality. Moreover, the developed methods can be applied to the reconstruction and modernization of other industrial units, enhancing the overall efficiency of production processes

Areas of optimization of rotary kiln operation

I.A. Lentsov — 2025-10-30

Rotary kilns are essential thermal processing units widely used in various industrial sectors, including cement production, metallurgy, chemical engineering, and mineral processing. Their operational efficiency directly influences product quality, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Despite decades of technological advancement, rotary kilns remain complex systems characterized by high energy losses, uneven temperature distribution, wear of refractory linings, and significant emissions of pollutants. These challenges necessitate continuous improvement and optimization of kiln design, operation, and control strategies. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of current approaches to optimizing rotary kiln performance. It synthesizes findings from recent scientific literature and industrial practices, focusing on key aspects such as thermal regime stabilization, fuel efficiency, structural improvements, and the integration of digital technologies. Particular attention is given to the role of the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and mathematical modelling for predicting and controlling heat transfer and material flow. The article also explores the implementation of automated control systems, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which enable real-time monitoring and adaptive regulation of kiln parameters. These innovations contribute to reducing energy consumption, minimizing emissions, and extending equipment lifespan. Additionally, the review highlights ecological considerations, such as the reduction of NOx and CO₂ emissions, and the transition to alternative fuels and raw materials. By identifying and categorizing the most effective optimization strategies, this study provides a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers seeking to enhance the performance and sustainability of rotary kiln operations. The article concludes with a discussion of current limitations and outlines promising directions for future research, including hybrid modelling approaches and predictive maintenance systems

Development of user interface templates based on design patterns

N. Sokolova — 2025-10-30

This article is devoted to the study of the issue of developing interface templates using design patterns. The relevance of the study is due to the constant growth of the number of software products in various fields, which requires the creation of efficient, flexible and scalable architectures. The development of user interface templates based on Design Patterns is a multifaceted topic that covers adaptability, specialized solutions, integration of modern technologies and reuse of existing solutions. The sources reviewed demonstrate how patterns can be adapted to different contexts, from gamification to image analysis and metaverse. This emphasizes their versatility and importance in modern UI design. A description of three interface templates for different user interaction with software products is given, in particular for a cross-platform application with emergency information, an advertising application and a file editor. For each of them, the choice of pattern, the hierarchy and interaction of classes and the features of the interface implementation are described. The study showed that the use of Creational Design Patterns Factory Method and Abstract Factory, as well as the Behavioral Pattern Command, allows to significantly increase the flexibility, scalability and maintainability of software products, and also helps to reduce development time and improve the quality of the final product. This work demonstrates the practical value of design patterns for the development of modern, effective and convenient user interfaces, and also confirms the feasibility of their use in real software projects. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the obtained results by both active developers and students to create effective, functional and convenient interfaces, as well as for in-depth study of disciplines related to Design Patterns and software architecture

Database review for software development across different operating systems

Z. Vorotnikova — 2025-10-30

The modern world of databases is characterized by constant changes driven by the emergence of new technologies and the growing needs of businesses. Key trends include: the increasing popularity of cloud databases, which offer scalability and cost savings; active use of NoSQL databases, known for their flexibility; the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for process automation; the spread of distributed databases for handling large volumes of data; the rising demand for real-time data analytics; the development of In-Memory Databases (IMDB) technologies for fast computing; and heightened attention to data security. Choosing the correct Database Management System (DBMS) is crucial for the successful operation of software, as it directly impacts performance, scalability, security, and efficiency. Neglecting the features of the operating system can lead to serious problems in the future. Different operating systems have distinct architectural characteristics that influence database performance. For example, some databases, such as Microsoft SQL Server, are optimized for specific OS environments. This research presents an overview of modern database management systems with the aim of selecting the optimal DBMS for specific tasks. The study includes analysis of recent publications confirming that a well-considered choice of a DBMS requires multi-criteria analysis and is a non-trivial task. The literature review also demonstrates that research in this area remains relevant and in demand, providing convenience and accessibility in selecting the most suitable software. The features of 11 of the most popular DBMSs as of 2024 have been examined, a comparative analysis has been conducted, and recommendations for optimal application areas have been provided. The proposed overview facilitates the rational selection of an appropriate DBMS to meet the needs of modern data processing tasks

Developing a color correction tool for users with color perception disorders

O.I. Pronina — 2025-10-30

Visual perception is the primary means of obtaining information about the surrounding world, so the loss or distortion of color leads to an incomplete understanding of reality. This paper examines the problem of color perception in people with various forms of color blindness and possible approaches to addressing it using information technology. The research aims to create a software solution that automatically processes colors in digital images and interprets them in a user-friendly manner. The primary goal is to develop an application that helps users identify colors present in a selected image and better understand their differences. The software is implemented in Python using the PySide6 (Qt) and OpenCV libraries. It provides a number of functions: image fragment magnification, color display in RGB, HSV, LAB, or verbal formats, shading of adjacent areas, color blindness simulation based on Machado's matrices, and color correction (color shading), which increases contrast and the visibility of objects. Particular attention was paid to the sRGB linearization procedure before applying the transformation matrices, ensuring the accuracy of calculations. The proposed solution combines color component analysis algorithms with visual correction tools, improving the perception and interpretation of visual data. An experimental comparison of the results obtained using the developed application with data from the Color Vision Simulator system was conducted. An analysis of pixel-by-pixel differences in the color models revealed minor discrepancies, confirming the correctness of the implemented algorithms. The proposed approach can be useful for individuals with color vision impairments, as well as for specialists in design, education, and digital graphics. The developed tool improves the accessibility of visual information and can be useful for individuals with color vision impairments, as well as for specialists in design, education, and digital graphics. Future plans include optimizing the algorithms in real time and expanding image format support, enabling the program to be used in web applications and inclusive design systems

A look at various aspects of using artificial intelligence in technical creativity

Л.О. Дан — 2025-10-30

The successful application of techniques and methods of technical creativity has always been based on the consideration of modern trends in science, technology, and production. Recently, the use of artificial intelligence has become widespread. Technical creativity, which has long been the prerogative of humans, has also been influenced by this trend. This article is aimed at analyzing the positive and negative aspects of human and artificial intelligence interaction in the process of solving various technical problems. First, the author discusses the general principles and possible consequences of human-AI cooperation in science and technology. The author is convinced that humans should play a leading role in this interaction, and artificial intelligence should be only a tool, albeit a very effective and useful one. At the same time, the author highlights the pitfalls of involving artificial intelligence in the creative process in the field of activity under analysis. Further, using examples of the use of artificial intelligence in the implementation of the most common techniques for finding technical solutions, such as trial and error, associative methods, and brainstorming, the authors specify the positive and negative consequences of this use. In addition to analyzing literary sources, the authors present the results of their own experience using artificial intelligence in teaching the discipline "Fundamentals of Scientific and Technical Creativity". At the end of the analysis, the authors summarize their thoughts on the issue and conclude, the main of which is that AI cannot fully replace humans in the field of technical creativity. The best result can be obtained by a harmonious combination of human and artificial intelligence capabilities

Graph neural networks and PageRank algorithms in the problems of predicting the popularity of hashtags in social networks

T.O. Levytska — 2025-10-30

The article explores modern Graph Neural Networks (GNN) and PageRank algorithms as tools for solving the task of predicting the popularity of hashtags in social media. It examines the capabilities and specific features of their application. As part of the study, existing methods and approaches to this problem were analyzed, revealing opportunities for improvement. The relevance of the research is driven by the rapid growth of information volumes in social networks and the need for effective analysis of its dissemination. The concept of hashtags, their structural characteristics, and behaviour in social media are also discussed. A predictive model based on Graph Neural Networks and PageRank algorithms is presented. An analysis of current GNN architectures has been carried out, and the stages and features of their work have been reviewed. Modifications of PageRank, particularly Time-constrained Personalized PageRank, are also considered. In comparison with other models designed for similar tasks, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach – combining GNNs with PageRank – are highlighted. A key advantage of the presented predicting model is that it will also help to account for user influence and their role in the popularization of content, which allows us also to understand better the dynamics of the distribution of information in social networks. Additionally, the research presents results that confirm the effectiveness of the combined approach compared to classical machine learning algorithms. The study also identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed model and provides practical recommendations for its application. The results may be useful, for example, for tasks such as content analysis, targeted advertising, and managing information flows in social media

Features of interaction between data acquisition and processing tools in the hardware structure of vehicle operation monitoring information systems

V.P. Mateichyk — 2025-10-30

The paper explores the interaction features of data acquisition and processing tools within the hardware architecture of information systems designed for vehicle operation monitoring. It is established that the performance efficiency of modern vehicles largely depends on the degree of integration among control devices, diagnostic subsystems, and data transmission technologies within a unified hardware–information framework. A review of recent studies in the field of vehicle condition monitoring systems has been conducted, outlining scientific and technical prerequisites for improving data collection, processing, and interpretation procedures. A morphological analysis–based approach to the classification and organization of hardware elements is proposed, enabling the formation of optimal configurations of monitoring system components while accounting for functional interrelations between subsystems. A generalized model describing the interaction between technical and informational means has been developed, considering the influence of external operating conditions and ensuring greater reliability in monitoring vehicle technical parameters. A data flow diagram (DFD) representing the operation of the information system for assessing and obtaining vehicle technical condition parameters based on operational monitoring has been created. The study presents a method of linking the core elements of this diagram with the functional components defined by the developed morphological structure. Several configuration options have been analyzed to address specific operational requirements under given conditions. The feasibility of applying the main elements of the system diagram in conjunction with the morphological model components has been evaluated. The results of the study can be applied in the design, modernization, and optimization of vehicle monitoring information systems for various transport applications. The practical implementation of the proposed approaches will enhance operational efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and improve overall transport safety

Restoration and improvement of elements of hydraulic pumps of the type «NSH» using plastic deformation

O.A. Burlaka — 2025-10-30

This article reviews the results of a scientific study on the feasibility of using plastic vibration deformation of the working surfaces of bronze bushings of sliding bearings of hydraulic gear pumps of the "NSh" type. Such hydraulic pumps have become widely used in modern automobile and tractor manufacturing. In the designs of hydraulic gear pumps, there is a tendency to increase the use of non-ferrous metals and multi-component alloys based on such metals as structural materials. The purpose of the study is considered to be the search for optimal modes of technological processes for plastic vibration hardening of the working surface of bronze bushings of sliding bearings of shafts of hydraulic gear pumps of the "NSh" type. The expected results in this case are an increase in the service life and operational reliability of the hardened working surfaces of bronze bushings. The subject of our research was bronze bushings of sliding bearings of gear shafts of hydraulic pumps NSh-32 and NSh-100. The material of the bushings is bronze CuSn5Zn5Pb5. Experimental research on the processing of working surfaces of bronze bushings of sliding bearings of gear shafts of hydraulic pumps was carried out using special punches, which are made taking into account the geometric dimensions of bronze bushings. The material of the punches is tool steel U7. The relevant elements of the proposed technology for manufacturing experimental punches are obtaining, due to the structural material and heat treatment, the hardness of the working surfaces within 55-58 HRC. The main components of the experimental research are aimed at studying the patterns of the influence of plastic vibration deformation on the friction surface of bronze bushings of hydraulic gear pumps. Vibrational plastic deformation of the working surface layer of bronze is considered as one of the important elements that can be used in the restoration of bronze bushings or the manufacture of new such bushings for sliding bearings of gear hydraulic pumps. The optimal angle of the working conical surfaces of steel punches in accordance with the requirement of minimizing the mass displaced from the working surface of the bronze bushing during plastic vibrational deformation was the angle β = 9°. The results obtained can be used to implement plastic vibrational strengthening of other bronze parts of hydraulic pumps/motors, for example, axial-plunger or radial-plunger pumps/motors of hydrostatic transmission

Risk calculation methodology in German airspace

О.R. Ivashchuk — 2025-10-30

In conditions of high airspace congestion, the safety of modern air transportation requires continuous control in a mode close to real time. An important component of air traffic safety is the risk of collision, which depends on the airspace congestion, the air traffic control system and the reliability of the equipment. The article assesses the risk of aircraft collisions during en-route flight within a specific airspace region. The proposed methodology is based on the fragmentation of airspace into elementary zones using a hierarchical spatial indexing system to identify potential conflict points and uses risk assessment models that are suitable for a pair of aircraft based on the direction of flight of the aircraft. Open data on the position of civil aircraft obtained using the concept of automatic dependent observation in the broadcast mode are used to assess the risk of collision for a specific airspace. The risk assessment is proposed based on a combined model of air traffic on intersecting and parallel courses. A priori data on aircraft deviations from the specified trajectories of movement were obtained based on statistical analysis of trajectories from past route implementations. The data collected during the study are given in tables. Calculations and data collection are performed using a program developed in the Python programming language with the involvement of appropriate libraries that are responsible for connecting to the network of automatic dependent observation transmitters, calculating risks using the appropriate model and visualizing data. The proposed approach was verified using open data on air traffic within German airspace for a certain time frame. The results of the study include both a statistical assessment of aircraft deviations and recommendations for using the methodology in FRA areas and recommendations for applying the assessment results

Mathematical modeling of automatic pressure stabilization of main pumping stations with asynchronous electric drive of centrifugal pumps

V.H. Lysiak — 2025-10-30

The paper is devoted to the development of a mathematical model of a high-capacity controlled pumping station with automatic pressure stabilization. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the liquid transportation process through main and large distribution pipelines. The proposed model with a comparable level of detail describes the electromechanical and hydraulic subsystems as a single entity. The parameters of the centrifugal pump model are calculated based on the geometry and dimensions of its elements, taking into account the influence of the physical properties of the working fluid. This makes it possible to conduct a comprehensive study of such objects without physical impact on them, taking into account the mutual dependence of both subsystems and changes in the parameters of the elements of the hydraulic subsystem. The paper suggests directions for use and ways to expand the functionality of the developed model

Power quality issues associated with the integration of photovoltaic power plants into 0,4-kV distribution networks

Yu. Sayenko — 2025-10-30

The modern development of the energy sector is characterized by the active integration of photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs), particularly small and medium-sized ones, into low-voltage (0.4 kV) distribution networks. This process aligns with global trends and contributes to enhancing Ukraine’s energy resilience, reducing electricity losses, and improving energy efficiency. However, the increasing share of PVPPs introduces a number of critical challenges in maintaining adequate power quality indicators (PQI) in 0.4 kV networks. A review of the literature and practical studies has shown that the main problems arising from the connection of PVPPs include voltage rise and fluctuations caused by variable solar irradiance, as well as harmonic distortions. In particular, studies demonstrate that when PVPP penetration reaches 50%, the total harmonic distortion (THD) may exceed regulatory limits. Additional issues such as voltage unbalance, due to uneven connection of single-phase inverters, and reverse power flows also occur. These phenomena negatively affect network reliability and the performance of electrical equipment. To mitigate these technical challenges and ensure reliable system operation, the implementation of comprehensive solutions is recommended. These include inverters with voltage and reactive power control functions (smart inverters) capable of maintaining voltage within permissible limits. A key measure to address harmonic distortions is the use of active filters, such as distribution static compensators (DSTATCOM), integrated with battery energy storage systems (BESS). Organizational measures, such as phase load balancing and optimization of generation connection points, also prove effective. The deployment of these technologies, along with modernization of network equipment and the development of intelligent control systems (Smart Grid), is essential for enhancing the operational reliability of the power system under conditions of increasing decentralization

Pressure blast melting and blow enrichment with oxygen – process intensifiers or an unfounded tribute to traditions

O. Kliuiev — 2025-10-30

In the paper well-known equations for a Doubly-Fed Machine (DFM) speed observer are taken. The equations are composed for rotor-side control, similar to an adaptive speed observer with a reference model for squirrel-cage induction machines (IM) with stator-side control. In this case, however, the rotor model is taken as the reference model and the stator model serves as the adaptive one. The structure of the adaptation algorithm is determined based on the conditions of Lyapunov’s second stability theorem. The adaptation function is formed using the stator flux linkage vector and is defined as the vector cross product of the stator flux linkage vector estimates obtained from the reference and adaptive systems. To solve the problem of parametric synthesis of the DFM speed observer, an original method is proposed based on the stability analysis of the linearized observer model via its characteristic equation. The parameters of the PI controller derived from the adaptation function are determined based on the stability analysis of the nonlinear observer, using the coefficients of the first-order approximation characteristic equation. An analytical expression for the stability boundary is obtained in the PI controller parameter plane from the algebraic Hurwitz stability criterion, expressed as an inequality for fixed rotor speeds. Asymptotes of the characteristic equation roots are identified as the integral component tends to infinity. Reasonable lower and upper bounds for these parameters are determined based on the rate at which the real parts of the characteristic roots approach the identified asymptotes. The speed observer is proposed to be used together with a rotor angular position identifier, which acts as a calculator based on corresponding formulas. The functionality of the resulting sensorless relay-vector control system for the DFM is verified through mathematical modeling

Enhancing the reliability of the 220 kV switchyard at a thermal power plant through modernization

T.P. Tsytsak — 2025-10-30

The article is devoted to the development of a project for the restoration of the electrical equipment of the 220 kV open switchyard (OSY) of the Thermal Power Plant, taking into account the requirements of integration into the ENTSO-E synchronous zone and the N-1 criterion. Based on the analysis of the technical condition, significant wear of switching devices and instrument transformers was identified, which leads to increased failure rates and operating costs. Methodologically, the study relies on the regulatory framework (IEC, DSTU, PUE, ENTSO-E recommendations), calculation of short-circuit currents according to IEC 60909, verification of thermal and electrodynamic stability, engineering calculations of grounding and lightning protection, as well as a techno-economic assessment. The proposed solutions include the replacement of air circuit breakers with SF₆ circuit breakers HPL-245B1, the use of SGF-245 disconnectors, IMB-245 current transformers and CPA-245 voltage transformers, as well as PEXLIM surge arresters; digitalization of protection and control (IEC 61850) and integration into SCADA/EMS are also foreseen. The calculation results confirm the compliance of the selected equipment with I²t and short-circuit withstand requirements; grounding resistance ≤ 0.5 Ω and complete lightning protection coverage are ensured. Economic calculations demonstrate an annual effect of UAH 2.03 million and a payback period of ≈3.25 years, which indicates the investment attractiveness of modernization. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive integration of technical, protection and control, environmental, and economic components of the 220 kV switchyard reconstruction; the practical value lies in the reproducibility of the approach for the modernization of similar substations and TPPs in Ukraine

Selecting the optimal battery for a 10-inch FPV drone in civil missions: analysis of energy efficiency and autonomy (comparison of Molicel P42A 6S2P/3P/4P and LiPo 6S 10Ah)

M.O. Hoshko — 2025-10-30

The study focuses on the analysis and optimization of energy supply systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), specifically FPV drones equipped with 10-inch propellers, to increase flight duration and operational efficiency under various civilian application scenarios. With the rapid expansion of drone usage in fields such as agriculture, environmental monitoring, logistics, and technical inspection, the issue of selecting the most efficient power source has become particularly relevant. The research aims to determine the optimal type of battery in terms of weight, energy density, endurance, and cost-effectiveness, ensuring reliable operation and sufficient energy reserve for different mission profiles. The article presents a comparative analysis between a lithium-polymer (LiPo) battery pack (6S, 10Ah) and three lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery assemblies based on Molicel P42A cells with different configurations: 6S2P, 6S3P, and 6S4P. The analysis includes both theoretical calculations and practical considerations derived from known empirical data. Each configuration was evaluated based on three main criteria – flight time, maximum range, and overall economic viability. Additionally, the influence of payload mass (0–3 kg) on flight duration and efficiency was modeled for six key mission scenarios: observation and video surveillance, light and medium cargo delivery, heavy cargo delivery, one-way missions, and high-speed flight operations. Methodologically, the work takes into account motor efficiency (0.8–0.85), aerodynamic drag, and the voltage behavior of both LiPo and Li-Ion systems under load. The results demonstrate that Li-Ion batteries offer a higher specific energy density (up to 180 Wh/kg) and lower cost per watt-hour compared to LiPo alternatives, though their discharge characteristics limit maximum current output. Among the tested configurations, the Li-Ion 6S3P assembly showed the most balanced performance, providing a flight time of up to 45 minutes without payload and maintaining stable voltage throughout the discharge cycle. The LiPo 6S 10Ah pack remains advantageous for high-current, short-duration missions such as racing or rapid-response operations due to its superior instantaneous power output. The study concludes that no single battery configuration is universally optimal for all use cases. However, the Li-Ion 6S3P pack can be considered the most versatile and practical solution for multi-purpose civilian FPV platforms, combining reasonable cost, low weight, and extended endurance. The article also provides recommendations for selecting power systems depending on the mission profile and discusses the practical aspects of battery assembly, including the use of bi-metal copper and nickel-plated steel strips (0.15×10 mm) to ensure low resistance and reliable current transfer during high-load operation. The findings highlight the need for further experimental validation under real-world flight conditions, as well as future research focused on optimizing propeller geometry, assessing temperature impacts, and integrating hybrid power systems for small UAVs. The proposed analytical framework and results can serve as a methodological foundation for engineers, drone developers, and energy system designers seeking to enhance the performance and energy efficiency of modern FPV drones

Prospects for the development of a functional method for diagnosing the turn-to-turn short circuit of the stator windings of an electric motor in the event of supply voltage asymmetry

S.O. Prokopenko — 2025-10-30

The article addresses the urgent problem of improving the reliability of early detection of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of induction motors (IM) operating under dynamically changing and asymmetrical supply-voltage conditions. As induction motors constitute the majority of industrial electric drives, faults related to insulation degradation pose significant risks of unexpected shutdowns, equipment damage, and costly downtime. Statistical data indicate that more than 60% of IM failures are associated with insulation defects, with inter-turn short circuits being the most frequent and dangerous type due to their rapid development into phase-to-phase or ground faults. A comprehensive analysis of recent research highlights several groups of diagnostic methods: analytical modeling approaches, signal-processing techniques, machine-learning-based systems, and diagnostic methods rooted in symmetrical component analysis. Although each class of methods offers valuable diagnostic insights, most studies do not sufficiently account for dynamic variations in power-quality parameters – such as voltage unbalance, frequency fluctuations, and load changes – which significantly influence the accuracy of fault detection. In particular, the inability of conventional functional diagnostics to maintain high sensitivity under non-stationary operating conditions limits their practical applicability for early fault identification. The article proposes a promising direction for developing a functional diagnostic method based on the combined use of instantaneous values of phase currents and voltages, estimated parameters of the motor equivalent circuit, and statistical processing of large datasets obtained under real operating conditions. A detailed research program is presented, including the determination of equivalent-circuit parameters, modeling changes in the number of winding turns, and studying functional dependencies between voltage asymmetry, load dynamics, and variations in diagnostic indicators. An experimental setup for generating and analyzing variable network conditions is described. The results demonstrate that integrating statistical analysis with functional diagnostic criteria significantly enhances the robustness of inter-turn short-circuit detection in the presence of voltage asymmetry and dynamic disturbances. The proposed approach provides a foundation for creating more sensitive and reliable online monitoring systems, ensuring timely fault identification and improving the operational safety and longevity of induction motors

Method of saving digital medical images for further use in the treatment and diagnostic process

L.M. Kozak — 2025-10-30

Information technologies for processing, analysing, storing and exchanging digital medical data are the basis of digital transformation in the healthcare sector. Currently, the integration of medical information systems (MIS), various electronic resources and multi-level software tools into an integrated ecosystem of digital medicine is relevant. To ensure the effective use of digital medical data, cloud technologies are widely used, which provide access to programs and data with minimal use of infrastructure within a healthcare institution. The aim of the work is to develop a method for storing digital medical images for further use in the medical and diagnostic process, taking into account the peculiarities of internal information exchange processes in a healthcare institution (HCI) and to ensure the need for information interaction between two or more such institutions. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) are at the forefront of use in the medical sector as a system focused on reducing costs, increasing productivity and speed of archiving and presenting medical images in electronic format. The proposed method consists of four stages of storing the formed image at different levels of further storage according to the DICOM standard: I stage – in the database of the information and diagnostic system, II stage – in PACS, in a long-term storage repository. To provide quality treatment, to better understand the state in dynamics, historical medical data of the patient over a long period of time is necessary. Since the capacity of the required disk space in healthcare institutions is limited, digital medical images at the III stage are transferred to long-term storage. The last stage ensures data anonymization for further use outside the HCI. The developed method for storing digital medical images contains a step-by-step description of actions using descriptive logic, which allows formalizing the entire process of storing medical information

Optimal methods for restoration and strengthening of pliers' core grips of well crane

V.P. Lavryk — 2025-10-30

Among the many types of lifting and conveying machines used in rolling production, special well cranes occupy a significant place. To ensure high productivity of the rolling mill, high quality of rolled products, and safe operation of personnel, special attention must be paid to the reliability of such cranes. Increasing requirements for the quality of rolled products with a simultaneous increase in the mass of steel ingots revealed a number of significant shortcomings in the operation of auxiliary lifting and transport equipment. One of them is the transportation and placement of ingots in the well, their delivery for rolling after heating, using pincer grippers with working bodies in the form of cores. The durability of the cores and the reliability of clamping the ingots are relatively low and they are changed quite often (6-7 pieces per shift). The average monthly consumption of cores during the operation of well cranes is about 1200 units. The use of damaged cores and their untimely replacement leads to unreliable ingot capture, which can lead to injuries to enterprise employees, destruction of the shaft furnace and other metallurgical equipment. To select the optimal ways to extend the service life of the core, an analysis of the temperature conditions of the service of the cores of pincer cranes was conducted. It was established that during the operation of the cores, a cyclic change in temperature is observed: from 1200°C on the core surface to 100°C when it is cooled in water tanks. In the period between ingots being captured, temperature fluctuations reach 300-400°C. As a result of the cyclic temperature change, significant thermal stresses arise. If we consider that the cores are subjected to an additional range of loads, such as impact, compression and crushing, this leads to the formation of ignition cracks. With further operation of the cores in this mode, the ignition grid contributes to intensive wear, crushing, and chipping. Developing optimal methods for restoring and strengthening wellhead cores involves several key steps: 1. Diagnostics and assessment of core condition. Analysis of operating conditions and operating modes to determine the causes of wear and defect formation; 2. Choosing a restoration method. Surface treatment with subsequent machining is used to eliminate deep damage and achieve the required dimensions and properties; 3. Quality control of recovered cores. Use of non-destructive testing methods to assess the condition of welds and surfacing surfaces; 4. Testing and pilot operation. Bench and production tests to confirm reliability and safety. Analysis of pilot operation results to optimize recovery processes

Linear optimization of technological parameters of gear reducer bushing hole reaming

S.V. Popov — 2025-10-30

The article addresses the problem of optimizing the cutting parameters for the reaming of bushing holes in gear reducer assemblies. The quality and dimensional accuracy of internal holes are of critical importance, as they directly determine the reliability of shaft fits, wear resistance of assemblies, and overall durability of the mechanism. Reaming, being the final stage of machining, provides the required precision and surface finish. However, its efficiency strongly depends on correctly selected technological parameters such as spindle speed and feed rate. Improper combinations of these parameters may lead to premature tool wear, increased surface roughness, dimensional deviations and reduced process stability. To solve this problem, a mathematical model of the reaming process was developed with consideration of key technical limitations of the cutting tool and the machine tool, specifically the MAST Metalltechnik M-KBM 50. The model includes constraints related to cutting speed, spindle power, rotational frequency and feed per revolution. The optimization criterion was chosen as maximum machining productivity, which aligns with current industrial trends of increasing efficiency while maintaining the required quality standards. The system of constraints was formulated as inequalities describing the interaction between machining parameters and technological capabilities of the machine-tool system. The optimization task was solved using the linear optimization method in a graphical form. This approach made it possible to represent the feasible solution region as a polygon bounded by limiting lines corresponding to technical restrictions. The optimum point was determined at the intersection of the boundary lines, yielding optimal cutting parameters of 311 rpm spindle speed and 0.9 mm/rev feed rate. These parameters ensure the maximum value of the objective function, i.e., maximum machining productivity, while meeting quality requirements. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of mathematical modeling in solving practical machining problems, as well as the potential of linear optimization methods for improving process planning in modern mechanical engineering. The proposed approach provides a reliable basis for increasing the economic efficiency and competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises

Study of the influence of airflow parameters on the efficiency of seed calibration in a pneumatic separator

V.O. Vovk — 2025-10-30

The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental research on the effect of airflow parameters on the efficiency of seed calibration in a pneumatic separator equipped with an axial fan. The study substantiates the need to stabilize the aerodynamic field inside the separation channel by installing a diffuser-straightener and a system of guide vanes that equalize the velocity profile of the air stream and suppress local vortices. Experiments were performed on soft wheat seeds (moisture 12 ± 0.5 %, thousand-kernel weight 35–40 g) using a full factorial design 3³ with three replications per mode and a stopping criterion based on 5-minute stabilization of key indicators. Airflow uniformity was quantified by multi-point velocity mapping across the channel cross-section; the improved design reduced velocity deviation from ±28 % to within ±10 %, which translated into a 12–15 % increase in calibration efficiency. The combined effects of airflow velocity (4.5–6.5 m/s) and seed-layer thickness (15–35 mm) on separation performance and specific energy consumption were analyzed using ANOVA (p < 0.05). Optimal operation was achieved at 5.5–6.0 m/s and a 20–25 mm seed layer, where specific energy consumption decreased by 10–12 % compared with conventional separators without flow stabilization. The proposed configuration ensures stable aerodynamic conditions, improves selectivity of particle trajectories, and enhances overall energy efficiency of post-harvest processing. While parameter values were validated for wheat, the methodology provides transferable guidelines for tuning airflow and layer thickness for other crops with different aerodynamic properties, supporting the development of automated, low-energy pneumatic grading systems for industrial seed-processing lines

Research of the strength and dynamic characteristics of a universal freight wagon using a mobile system

O.V. O.V. Fomin — 2025-10-30

This study is dedicated to advancing methodological approaches and instrumentation for the experimental analysis of structural integrity and running quality indicators pertaining to newly manufactured freight wagons, with the ultimate goal of certifying their operational suitability on public railway networks. This necessitates a comprehensive update of foundational theoretical principles, established testing methodologies, and measurement equipment. A central proposal involves the strategic replacement of dedicated laboratory wagons with advanced mobile digital measurement systems. Furthermore, the work introduces a novel approach for evaluating critical running quality metrics - specifically, the stability margin coefficient and vertical dynamics coefficients - achieved through the precise measurement of stress distributions within the wheel disc of a freight wagon's wheel set. The research employs an empirical methodology focused on quantifying wheel-rail interaction forces. This is accomplished by capturing and analyzing deformation patterns within critical structural zones of the wheel, enabling the subsequent assessment of wagon running quality performance under actual service conditions. Additionally, the work rigorously substantiates the imperative need for modernizing both software (SW) and methodological solutions. This modernization is essential for accurately evaluating the dynamic characteristics of both newly constructed and modernized rolling stock, currently being produced by Ukrainian wagon manufacturing facilities. The research provides robust justification for the operational and technical feasibility of transitioning from traditional laboratory wagons to sophisticated, compact mobile diagnostic complexes. This transition is demonstrated to significantly enhance both the operational efficiency (responsiveness) and the reliability (accuracy) of testing procedures. Critical zones within the wheel disc susceptible to stress generation under the influence of vertical (normal) and lateral (horizontal) force loadings have been definitively identified and mapped. An optimized, scientifically validated scheme for the strategic placement of strain gauges (tensometric sensors) is proposed to ensure high-fidelity determination of wheel-rail contact forces. The study culminates in the formulation of universal, comprehensive technical specifications and requirements for mobile measurement systems. These systems are specifically engineered for the operational monitoring of freight wagon running quality during active revenue service, as well as during critical commissioning and acceptance testing phases required for authorizing new wagons onto public infrastructure. The proposed integrated measurement system has undergone successful field-testing and validation under real-world operational conditions simulating typical freight wagon usage. The empirical results and specifications obtained enable the precise definition of core technical parameters necessary for the development and deployment of effective mobile diagnostic complexes. These data sets hold considerable weight and are fundamentally important in the engineering design process of advanced monitoring systems destined for railway transport applications. Such systems are intrinsically oriented towards rigorous safety assessment, achieved through the continuous, real-time monitoring of structural health (condition) and dynamic running behaviour. The practical implementation of the proposed methodologies and systems is projected to directly and materially contribute to the reduction of accident risks across railway networks, thereby enhancing overall operational safety