Social Adaptation of Women from Ukraine under Conditions of Forced Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Ukraine and Bulgaria

Abstract

The article analyzes the social adaptation of women from Ukraine who are experiencing forced migration, based on a comparative study between Ukraine (the country of origin) and Bulgaria (the host country). The research employs a sociological approach to examine the conditions, factors, and mechanisms influencing the adaptation process of Ukrainian women who have fled due to war and humanitarian crisis. Particular attention is given to gender-specific aspects of adaptation, including the barriers women face in new sociocultural environments and strategies for overcoming psychological and social stress.

The study examines the role of social policies in both countries in shaping integration opportunities, especially in access to housing, education, labor markets, and social services. Through qualitative interviews with Ukrainian female migrants and analysis of statistical and regulatory data, the research identifies key differences in adaptation strategies. In Bulgaria, institutional support is present, yet challenges related to language acquisition and cultural assimilation persist. In Ukraine, internally displaced women face housing shortages, high unemployment, and limited access to quality social services, which hinders their adaptation.

The article concludes that successful social adaptation depends on a complex interaction between individual resilience, state support, and the openness of the host society. Practical recommendations are proposed to improve adaptation and integration mechanisms for migrant women, with implications for public policy in both countries. The findings are particularly relevant for social workers, migration policy experts, and public administration officials involved in addressing the challenges of forced migration.