EARLIER AND PRESENT-DAY MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS OF POLISH PEOPLE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2313-2094.5/37.102640Keywords:
migration, economic emigration, immigration, re-emigration, motives of migration, consequences of emigrationAbstract
The beginnings of Polish emigration started in the thirteenth century, but its dimensions were quite small. The first major wave of emigration started in the sixteenth century, mainly because of educational, scientific and commercial reasons. The next breakthrough came during the partitions of Poland. There were waves of migration, related to specific historical events, such as uprisings for national liberation, but also purely economic which started from the first half of the nineteenth century. Despite regaining independence in 1918, the phenomenon of Polish emigration still remained at a high level; mostly because of bad economic situation.
After the Second World War the emigration of the Poles was significantly slowed down by the government mainly because of the Cold War and very restrictive passport policy. The intensity of migration flows has increased over the years 60 and 70.
Due to the activity of the social movement called «Solidarity» and the introduction of martial law as the governmentʼs response to it, in the years 1981 – 1983 the legal external migration was totally inhibited.
The turning point in Polish emigration took place with the political transformation after 1989. In subsequent years next waves of economical migration of the Poles have been noticed. After 1 May 2004, due to the accession to the European Union there is observed further dynamic growth in economic migration of our citizens mainly to the countries of the «old fifteen».
In recent years, the mass emigration of the Poles has some positive consequences: the decline in unemployment rate, the influx money to the families in the country, the acquisition new skills and foreign languages competence by leaving people, investing accumulated funds in the development of native private business enterprise. These benefits of the emigration cannot overshadow the threats, e.g.: shortage of manpower in specific sectors of the national economy today, depletion of the budget by the lack of tax revenues, which are paid abroad, progressive threat to the functioning of the pension system, wastage of production and creative potential of outgoing people, and waste of the cost of education.
The increasing incidence of non-material motives to leave the country is important for the image of the contemporary Polish emigration. Our citizensʼ evolution of migration movements depends on changes of the social, economic and political situation and on the migration policy of governments of EU countries.
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