European (Swedish) anti-corruption model: institutional and legal framework

Abstract

The aim of the work is to identify the features of the institutional and legal foundations of the European (Swedish) anti-corruption model and to assess the possibilities of its application in Ukraine.

The methodological basis of the study includes general scientific and special legal methods, in particular analysis, synthesis, comparative legal method. The research is based on the study of scientific publications of domestic and foreign scholars, as well as regulatory acts of the EU and Sweden in the field of anti-corruption and whistleblower protection.

Results. It has been established that the European (Swedish) anti-corruption model belongs to preventive (horizontal) models and is focused on eliminating the preconditions for corruption rather than solely combating its consequences. It combines legal, institutional, and social mechanisms to create an environment intolerant of corruption. Key features include transparency in public administration, effective public oversight, citizen participation in decision-making, high ethical standards for officials, and an independent judiciary. A central role is played by whistleblower protection, which has deep historical roots in Sweden and evolved from guarantees of freedom of expression and access to public information. Modern regulation, aligned with EU standards and Directive (EU) 2019/1937, significantly expanded protection, introduced diversified reporting channels, broadened the range of protected persons, and simplified protection through the concept of public interest. The effectiveness of this mechanism relies not only on legal guarantees but also on its interaction with public oversight, including the active role of the media. Certain shortcomings remain, such as limitations on compensation for whistleblowers and unclear sanctions for obstructing reporting or retaliation.

Conclusions. The Swedish experience demonstrates that effective anti-corruption policy is based on a comprehensive approach that combines legal regulation with a high level of public trust and active societal control. Certain elements of this model, particularly in the areas of transparency, digitalization, and whistleblower protection, can be adapted in Ukraine, taking into account national specificities.