Court as a fundamental social and legal phenomenon (origin, evolution, modernity)

Abstract

Through the prism of philosophical, anthropological and historical analysis, the social phenomenon of the court is revealed in the paper. The concept of interaction between the state and the court, as a special form of social relations, is analyzed. Issues are raised about non-state courts, decisions of which are recognized by the state and provided by public coercion, as well as special state bodies with the right of judicial jurisdiction, which are not included in the judicial system of the state. A separate aspect of the study was the question of the phenomenon of the court at the supranational (international) level.The author substantiates that in the framework of domestic legal science there should be a thorough rethinking of the philosophical and general legal category "court".It was established that the court - an independent form of social relations, which, within certain historical stages of development of social and public-legal relations, acquires its separate organizational and legal forms. Within the framework of the theory of the judiciary, it is necessary to clearly distinguish and correlate the "court" as a social institution, and "court" as an institution of public authority. As a unique social phenomenon, the court exists and develops according to the rules and laws of social development of people.It was established that the court - a social phenomenon, which is based on the anthropological ability of man to logical thinking through the perception of information, its analysis and evaluation. At the same time, the emergence of a court as a separate form of human relations is associated with the early stages of not only human civilization, but the very development of man as a social being. This process coincides with the period of pre-class, tribal structure, when the main economic institutions (property and means of production) were still in its infancy.Due to its evolutionary development, the social phenomenon of the court has become an integral part of both collective and individual human existence. This reveals the external and internal aspects of the social nature of the court.The author distinguishes between "court" as a social institution and "court" as an institution of public authority.However, in all historical epochs, these two formations of the court existed and exist in parallel, simultaneously influencing each other, and often merging together.Today, the court maintains and plays its decisive role in the existence of individual societies, the organization of states, the construction of the latest global world order. At the same time, realities indicate that societies collapse and states collapse if they lost or failed to organize the social and legal foundations of a fair trial.The paper substantiates that between the provisions of Art. 124 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which establish that the administration of justice in the state is carried out exclusively by the courts, and the delegation of functions of courts or the appropriation of these functions by other bodies or officials is not allowed by the provisions of Art. 6 The ECHR (the right to a fair trial) has a philosophical and legal controversy, which requires the fastest elimination