THE ADVANCES IN APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING PROGRESS

Abstract

100th anniversary of the discovery of superconductivity was marked by unique achievements in the field of application superconductivity, operating the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) with a superconducting magnet system and design completion of ITER (International Tokamak Experimental) with superconducting magnets. Both of these projects were impossible without a corresponding development of cryogenic engineering, in particular the helium lines. To provide facilities with cryogenic superconducting devices had to deal with complex scientific and engineering problems. It is shown, how helium refrigerators and liquefiers, facilities intended for cryostating with superconductors were improved. Schemes of modern double-circuit systems, including with satellite refrigerators are described. The analyses of the main ways to improve the reliability of cryogenic systems is made. New devices for complex measurement of helium parametres are considered. The various directions of development of cryogenic plants and systems, which are the result of the increasingly widespread use of superconductivity application, are discussed. Special attention is paid by the achievements of cryogenic technology, which determined the feasibility of such grandiose projects of modernity, as LHC and ITER.