Influence of soil temperature on the growth and development of bean plants at different sowing dates in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Abstract

Soil and air temperature enable the bean root system to absorb nutrients, increase the intensity of photosynthesis and plant respiration, transpiration and other physiological processes. The temperature at which plants grow and develop most intensively is optimal, and deviation from it slows down growth and development. The optimal temperature promotes the active process of photosynthesis, while assimilation prevails over dissimilation, as a result of which dry matter accumulates in plants. Temperature fluctuations negatively affect the growth and development of bean plants and often lead to their defeat by diseases. As the temperature increases, the processes of assimilation and synthesis of organic substances intensify, while the intensity of respiration increases. It should be noted that bean plants of early sowing dates will always be better developed than those sown later, and will have higher productivity. This can be explained by the fact that at early sowing dates (at lower temperatures), although plant shoots appear somewhat later, their root system develops better compared to plants sown later. Such shoots respond more easily to short-term droughts, and plants form a greater yield. At later sowing dates (when the soil temperature is higher), shoots appear faster, and accordingly the root system develops more intensively and the vegetative mass increases. This leads to a disruption of the balance between the root system and the leaf apparatus in providing bean plants with moisture, as a result of which in hot, sunny weather the leaves wither, stress is observed and plant productivity decreases. The effect of temperature on the growth and development of bean plants also depends on their physiological state and the action of other factors. With an increase in the intensity of sunlight with a sufficient content of moisture and nutrients in the soil, the intensity of photosynthetic activity of plants and other physiological processes of plants increases