Isotopic effect of macro- and microelements in ecosystems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.4.2020.226644Keywords:
isotope, isotope effects, metabolism, biological fractionation, macro- and microelementsAbstract
Isotopic effects occurring in living organisms due to metabolism are analyzed. The phenomenon of metabolism is considered in the classical sense as a combination of biochemical reactions (mainly enzymatic) that take place in the cells of living beings and provide the cleavage, synthesis and interconversion of complex compounds. The scope of use of natural isotopes is wide and diverse. Isotopes are carriers of information about the birth and transformation of molecules, and isotope fractionation is a chemical characteristic of a substance. Isotope metabolism consists in the intermolecular fractionation of isotopes at separate stages of biochemical reactions, namely the cleavage, synthesis and interconversion of complex compounds caused by differences in the structure and fundamental properties of isotope nuclei. It is proved that the fractionation of isotopes in chemical and biochemical reactions due to isotopic effects is based on two fundamental properties of atomic nuclei — mass and magnetic moment. The kinetic (mass-depen dent) isotopic effect distributes the isotopic nuclei by their masses, and the magnetic one fractionates the nuclei by their magnetic moments. The kinetic isotopic effect depends on the magnitude of the difference in the masses of isotopic molecules, temperature and the difference in the activation energies of isotopic forms. The magnetic isotope effect depends on the reaction rate in a single cell, its projection, magnetic moment and energy of electron-nuclear interaction. It is determined that the fractionation of isotopes in living organisms is that the relative content of one of the isotopes in this compound increases by reducing its content in the other. As a result, there is a fractionation of isotopes within one biological object.
References
Buchachenko, A. L.(2007). Novaya izotopiya v khimii i biokhimii [New isotope in chemistry and biochemistry]. Moskva: Nauka [in Russian].
Korkushko, O.V., Lysenko, O.B., Skulskiy, N.A., Sobotovich, E.V. & Shatilo, V.B. (2009). Yestestvennoe vnutrimolekulyarnoe fraktsionirovanie stabilnykh izotopov biogennykh elementov v organizme cheloveka [Natural intramolecular fractionation of stable isotopes of biogenic elements in the human body]. Zhurnal Akademii meditsinskikh nauk Ukrainy — Journal of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 4, 1–22 [in Russian].
Turro, N.J. (1980) Magnetic field and magnetic isotope effects on cage reactions in micellar solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 102, 4843–4845. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00534a052 [in English].
McCue, M.D. & Pollock, E.D. (2008). Stable isotopes may provide evidence for starvation in reptiles. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry: RCM, 22, 15, 2307–2314. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3615 [in English].
Sobotovich, E.V., Florinsky, I.V., Lysenko, O.V. & Grodzinsky, D.M. (2010). Role of isotopes in the biosphere. Florinsky I.V. (Ed.). Man and the Geosphere. New York: Nova Science Publishers [in English].
Sobotovych, E., Lysenko, O., Demikhov, Yu. et al. (2014). Izotopni spivvidnoshennia biohennykh khimichnykh elementiv u zhyvomu orhanizmi yak potentsiinyi indykator yoho fiziolohichnoho stanu [Biogenic chemical elements isotopic ratios in living organisms as a new potential indicator of physiological state]. Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Seriia biolohichna — Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Biology, 68, 36–68 [in Ukrainian].
Wahl, SA., Noh, K. & Wiechert, W. (2008). 13 C labeling experiments at metabolic nonstationary conditions: An exploratory study. BMC Bioinformatics, 9, 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-152 [in English].
Yuan, Y., Yang, T.H. & Heinzle, E. (2010). 13 C metabolic flux analysis for larger scale cultivation using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Metabolic Engineering, 12, 4, 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2010.02.001 [in English].
Le Novere, N., Hucka, M., Mi, H., Moodie, S., Schreiber, F., Sorokin, A., et al. (2009) The Systems Biology Graphical Notation. Nature Biotechnology, 27, 8, 735–741. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1558 [in English].
Guerrasio, R., Haberhauer-Troyer, C., Steiger, M., Sauer, M., Mattanovich, D., Koellensperger, G., et al. (2013). Measurement uncertainty of isotopologue fractions in fluxomics determined via mass spect rometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405, 15, 5133–5146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6910-5) [in English].
Millard, P., Massou, S., Wittmann, C., Portais, JC. & Letisse, F. (2014). Sampling of intracellular metabolites for stationary and non-stationary 13 C metabolic flux analysis in Escherichia coli. Analytikal Biochemistry, 465, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.026
Chokkathukalam, A., Kim, DH., Barrett, MP., Breitling, R. & Creek, DJ. (2014) Stable isotope-labeling studies in metabolomics: new insights into structure and dynamics of metabolic networks. Bioanalysis, 6, 4, 511–524. https://dx.doi.org/10.4155%2Fbio.13.348 [in English].
Crown, S.B., Ahn, W.S. & Antoniewicz, M.R. (2012). Rational design of 13 C-labeling experiments for metabolic flux analysis in mammalian cells. BMC Systems Biology, 6(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-6-43 [in English].
Taymaz-Nikerel, H., de Mey, M., Ras C., ten Pierick A., Seifar RM., van Dam J.C., et al. (2009). Development and application of a differential method for reliable metabolome analysis in Escherichia coli. Analytikal Biochemistry, 386, 1, 9–19 [in English].
Au J., Choi J., Jones S.W., Venkataramanan K.P. & Antoniewicz M.R. (2014). Parallel labeling experiments validate Clostridium acetobutylicum metabolic network model for 13 C metabolic flux analysis. Metabolic Engineering, 26, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2014.08.002 [in. English].
Cleland W.W. (1982). Use of isotope effects to elucidate enzyme mechanisms. CRC Crit Rev Biochem, 13, 385–428. https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238209108715 [in English].
Sobotovich, E.V. & Lysenko O.B. (2001). Izotopnyy sdvig elementov v biologicheskikh protsessakh [Shift isotope elements in biological processes]. Dopovidi NAN Ukrainy — Reports of the NAS of Ukraine, 4, 114–119 [in Russian].
Lysenko, O.B., Demikhov, Yu.N., Borisova, N.N. & Koshlyakova, T.N. (2014). Izotopnyy sostav zhivykh organizmov kak perspektivnyy istochnik informatsii ob ikh fiziologicheskom sostoyanii [Isotopic composition of living organisms as a promising source of information about their physiological state]. The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal, 86, 5, 173–174 [in Russian].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- The authors reserve the right to authorship their work and pass the journal the right to publish this work under a Creative Commons Attribution License license, which allows other persons to freely distribute the published work with the obligatory The authors of the original work and the first publication of this magazine.
- The authors have the right to make independent additional agreements on the nonexclusive dissemination of the work in the form in which it was published by this magazine (for example, to post work in the company's electronic storage or to publish as a monograph) , subject to the first publication of the link to this journal.
- Journal policy allows and encourages the placement of authors on the Internet (for example, in the repositories of institutions or on personal websites) manuscript work as to the presentation of this manuscript to the editorial board and during its editorial processing, as it contributes to The productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of citation published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
