The development of analysis methodology of financial risks of projects in IT sphere
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2026.352430Keywords:
risk analysis, general data protection regulation (GDPR), IT project, Monte-Carlo method, financial analysisAbstract
The object of research is methodology for analysis of the financial risks of IT projects related to organizations' compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
In this article, the authors assess the financial risks of two projects that can be considered and analyzed by organizational management to bring existing software and processes into compliance with the aforementioned GDPR requirements. The first project considered by the organization involves the development of appropriate software for users’ personal data storage, protection and processing by a dedicated internal team of specialists, with the possibility of further commercialization of the developed product by selling a ready-to-use software and services package to partners and other clients. The second solution considered is a project in which the responsibility for personal data processing, storage and protection is transferred to a third party, and the organization purchases a ready-to-use package of software and related services from them.
The results of the financial risk analysis of these projects indicate that the in-house software development project is less risky and more reasonable in the long-term perspective. This is due to the fact that it provides a 231 times lower probability of exceeding the planned budget benchmark compared to the alternative project.
The risk analysis model described in the article can be used to assess financial risks of projects not only within the IT industry but also, after certain adaptations, in other business entities.
References
- Akomea-Frimpong, I., Jin, X., Osei-Kyei, R. (2020). A holistic review of research studies on financial risk management in public–private partnership projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 28 (9), 2549–2569. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-02-2020-0103
- Bai, L., Shi, H., Kang, S., Zhang, B. (2021). Project portfolio risk analysis with the consideration of project interdependencies. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30 (2), 647–670. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-06-2021-0555
- Bezverkhyi, K., Hnylytska, L., Yurchenko, O., Poddubna, N. (2023). Analytical procedures of the audit of integrated reporting of corporate enterprises. Financial and Credit Activity Problems of Theory and Practice, 3 (50), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.3.50.2023.4045
- Chen, H. L. (2023). Influence of supply chain risks on project financial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 260, 108870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.108870
- Kim, B.-C. (2023). Dependence Modeling for Large-scale Project Cost and Time Risk Assessment: Additive Risk Factor Approaches. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 70 (2), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2020.3046542
- Love, P. E. D., Ika, L. A., Matthews, J., Fang, W. (2024). Risk and Uncertainty in the Cost Contingency of Transport Projects: Accommodating Bias or Heuristics, or Both? IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3119064
- Vegas-Fernández, F. (2022). Project Risk Costs: Estimation Overruns Caused When Using Only Expected Value for Contingency Calculations. Journal of Management in Engineering, 38 (5). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0001064
- Otniel, D., Claudiu, B., Lorena, B., Felician, A. (2019). Characteristics of Effective IT Project Risk Management in Romanian IT Companies. Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, 53 (4/2019), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.24818/18423264/53.4.19.11
- Singh, B., Henge, S. K. (2021). Access Risk Management for Arabian IT Company for Investing Based on Prediction of Supervised Learning. Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response, 11 (3). https://doi.org/10.54560/jracr.v11i3.300
- Lipyanina, H., Maksymovych, V., Sachenko, A., Lendyuk, T., Fomenko, A., Kit, I. (2020). Assessing the Investment Risk of Virtual IT Company Based on Machine Learning. Data Stream Mining & Processing, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61656-4_11
- Guan, L., Abbasi, A., Ryan, M. J. (2021). A simulation-based risk interdependency network model for project risk assessment. Decision Support Systems, 148, 113602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2021.113602
- Liang, D., Wang, M., Xu, Z., Chen, X. (2019). Risk interval-valued three-way decisions model with regret theory and its application to project resource allocation. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72 (1), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1654939
- Liu, Z., Ding, R., Wang, L., Song, R., Song, X. (2023). Cooperation in an uncertain environment: The impact of stakeholders’ concerted action on collaborative innovation projects risk management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 196, 122804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122804
- Ferreira de Araújo Lima, P., Marcelino-Sadaba, S., Verbano, C. (2021). Successful implementation of project risk management in small and medium enterprises: a cross-case analysis. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 14 (4), 1023–1045. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-06-2020-0203
- Testorelli, R., Ferreira de Araújo Lima, P., Verbano, C. (2020). Fostering project risk management in SMEs: an emergent framework from a literature review. Production Planning & Control, 33 (13), 1304–1318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2020.1859633
- Dhande, J., Rane, P., Dhande, H. (2025). Influence of Project Risk Management in Micro and Small-Scale Industries on Workers’ Occupational Health to Enhance Productivity: An Ergonomic Approach. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 16 (1), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.24867/ijiem-370
- Elseknidy, M., Al-Mhdawi, M. K. S., Qazi, A., Ojiako, U., Mahammedi, C., Rahimian, F. P. (2025). Developing a sustainability-driven risk management framework for green building projects: A literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 519, 145891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145891
- Koc, K., Kunkcu, H., Gurgun, A. P. (2023). A Life Cycle Risk Management Framework for Green Building Project Stakeholders. Journal of Management in Engineering, 39 (4). https://doi.org/10.1061/jmenea.meeng-5361
- Nguyen, H. D., Macchion, L. (2022). A comprehensive risk assessment model based on a fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach for green building projects: the case of Vietnam. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30 (7), 2837–2861. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-09-2021-0824
- Wan, Q., Miao, X., Wang, C., Dinçer, H., Yüksel, S. (2023). A hybrid decision support system with golden cut and bipolar q-ROFSs for evaluating the risk-based strategic priorities of fintech lending for clean energy projects. Financial Innovation, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-022-00406-w
- Nyqvist, R., Peltokorpi, A., Seppänen, O. (2024). Can ChatGPT exceed humans in construction project risk management? Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 31 (13), 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-08-2023-0819
- Tian, K., Zhu, Z., Mbachu, J., Ghanbaripour, A., Moorhead, M. (2025). Artificial intelligence in risk management within the realm of construction projects: A bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10 (3), 100711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100711
- Sivan, A., Priya, K. (2025). Quantum computing and risk prediction accuracy: an analysis of IT companies’ risk appetite. International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 19 (2), 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbsr.2025.145483
- Nazarova, K., Bezverkhyi, K., Nezhyva, M., Hordopolov, V., Nehodenko, V. (2022). Regression analysis of operating profit of the company. Financial and Credit Activity Problems of Theory and Practice, 4 (45), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.4.45.2022.3667
- Parasii-Verhunenko, I., Yurchyshyn, Y., Bezverkhyi, K., Hryshchenko, N., Nazarova, K., Pryimak, N. (2023). Comparative analysis of efficiency and utilization completeness of resource potential in trading enterprises: methodological aspects. Financial and Credit Activity Problems of Theory and Practice, 4 (51), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.4.51.2023.4099
- Jiang, W., Jiang, J., Martek, I., Jiang, W. (2025). Critical risk management strategies for the operation of public–private partnerships: a vulnerability perspective of infrastructure projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 32 (7), 4771–4795. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-12-2023-1292
- Jiang, W., Martek, I., Hosseini, M. R., Chen, C. (2019). Political risk management of foreign direct investment in infrastructure projects: Bibliometric-qualitative analyses of research in developing countries. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 28 (1), 125–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2019-0270
- Kaur, P., Askri, S., Majeed, J., Iqbal, N., Peel, R., Armosh, F. et al. (2025). Social Media’s Contribution to Risk Management Strategies for UK-Based IT Companies. Technology and Innovative Management as Drivers of Sustainable Progress, 247–294. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-2858-4.ch011
- Nabawy, M., Gouda Mohamed, A. (2022). Risks assessment in the construction of infrastructure projects using artificial neural networks. International Journal of Construction Management, 24 (4), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2156902
- Naidu, Dr. K., Ghangare, Prof. A., Chhajer, K. (2019). Measurement of Volatility of Selected IT Companies in Context of National Stock Exchange and Assessment of Risk Factors From an Investor’s Point of View. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8 (3), 8491–8495. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c4889.098319
- Nazarova, K., Bezverkhyi, K., Hordopolov, V., Melnyk, T., Poddubna, N. (2021). Risk analysis of companies’ activities on the basis of non-financial and financial statements. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 7 (4), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.04.10
- Matthews, J., Love, P. E. D., Porter, S. R., Fang, W. (2022). Smart data and business analytics: A theoretical framework for managing rework risks in mega-projects. International Journal of Information Management, 65, 102495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102495
- Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (2016). European Union. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
- GDPR Enforcement Tracker. Available at: https://www.enforcementtracker.com
- LLC taxation in Ukraine. Available at: https://buh.ua/en/taxation-of-llc
- Rynok orendy ofisnoi nerukhomosti v Ukraini (cherven 2025): tendentsii ta analityka (2025). Available at: https://gisuvecon.com/main/105/rinok-orendi-ofisnoyi-neruhomosti-v-ukrayini-cherven-2025-tendenciyi-ta-analitika/
- Zarplaty menedzheriv v IT, lito 2025: yak zminylysia za piv roku (2025). Available at: https://dou.ua/lenta/articles/salary-report-managers-summer-2025/
- Salaries Software Engineer (Middle-Senior) (2025). DOU.ua. Available at: https://jobs.dou.ua/salaries/?period=2025-06&group=1&position=Software%20Engineer&title=4
- Salaries Full Stack Software Engineer (Junior-Middle) (2025). DOU.ua. Available at: https://jobs.dou.ua/salaries/?period=2025-06&group=1&position=Software%20Engineer&title=3&specialization=Full%20Stack
- Salaries Security Engineer (Senior) (2025). DOU.ua. Available at: https://jobs.dou.ua/salaries/?period=2025-06&group=7&position=Security%20Engineer&title=4&experience=5-10
- Salaries Automation QA (Middle) (2025). DOU.ua. Available at: https://jobs.dou.ua/salaries/?period=2025-06&group=2&position=QA/QC/SDET&title=3&specialization=Automation%20QA
- Noutbuky dlia biznesu. TELEMART.UA Available at: https://telemart.ua/ua/laptops/filter/for-business/?srsltid=AfmBOopsoxBVSijztL_N3NyfKoU3q7MBuNL8HCB-jzTbq-ScW6NeilL8
- Servery. EServer. Available at: https://e-server.com.ua/uk/aktivne-obladnannja/serveri
- Software Development Costs: Your Comprehensive 2025 Guide (2025). Fiverr International Ltd. Available at: https://www.fiverr.com/resources/costs/software-development
- Webb, K. (2022). How much does ISO 27001 certification cost? Strike Graph. Available at: https://www.strikegraph.com/blog/how-much-does-iso-2700-certification-cost
- Gschwentner, M. (2025). Cheap Cloud Storage: Who Has the Best Value for Money? EXPERTE.com. Available at: https://www.experte.com/cloud-storage/cheap-cloud-storage
- Data Loss Prevention Software Cost (2024). Strac. Available at: https://www.strac.io/blog/data-loss-prevention-software-cost
- 10 Best Compliance Software for 2025: Compare Their Features, Pros, Cons and Pricing. Scrut Automation. Available at: https://www.scrut.io/post/best-compliance-software
- Data protection officer salary guide Ireland. Morgan McKinley. Available at: https://www.morganmckinley.com/ie/salary-guide/data/data-protection-officer/ireland
- Moore, M. How to Become a Data Protection Officer. Available at: https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/data-protection-officer-career-guide/
- Internal vs. external data protection officer: Which is right for your business? Available at: https://www.dataguard.com/en-gb/internal-vs-external-data-protection-officer/
- Compliance automation software. Usercentrics. Available at: https://usercentrics.com/knowledge-hub/compliance-automation-software/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Anton Ostapets, Iryna Parasii-Verhunenko, Kostiantyn Bezverkhyi, Mykola Matiukha, Oleksandr Yurchenko

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The consolidation and conditions for the transfer of copyright (identification of authorship) is carried out in the License Agreement. In particular, the authors reserve the right to the authorship of their manuscript and transfer the first publication of this work to the journal under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. At the same time, they have the right to conclude on their own additional agreements concerning the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal, but provided that the link to the first publication of the article in this journal is preserved.



