FACTORS OF DESTABILIZATION OF THE PHYTOSANITARY STATE OF AGROCENOSES OF GRAIN CROPS IN THE CENTRAL FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.2.2020.208812Keywords:
ecological assessment, noxious organisms, biological pollution, agrotechnical factors, hydrothermal factors, crop area structure, variety, pesticidesAbstract
Based on a comprehensive analysis of agrotechnical and environmental factors, the main factors of destabilization of phytosanitary condition of cereal crops are identified, which consist in high plowing of the Central Forest-Steppe, violation of scientifically sound structure of sown areas, cultivation of intensive and semi-intensive varieties. organisms, as well as a significant pesticide load. It is established that the structure of land in the Central Forest-Steppe is ecologically unbalanced with the ratio of arable land: hayfields and pastures: forests 1: 0.2: 0.1. The share of grain group crops in the structure of sown areas is over 52%, the main industrial crops — 32%. Among the crops of the grain group, the largest areas are occupied by corn, wheat and barley, and the crops of barley, oats and rye are decreasing. Significant changes in the structure of sown areas in 2004-2019 occurred due to an increase in the share of industrial crops — almost three times, cereals and legumes — by 6%. The seeds of most of the analyzed varieties of cereals are contaminated with phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Bipolaris, Penicillium, Mucor, Epicoccum, Glicocladium, Drechslera with a high intensity of spore formation (up to 8 million units / ml), which is biologic. Among the environmental factors are changes in hydrothermal conditions, namely — increase in average annual air temperature by 1.8oC over the past 15 years, a decrease in annual rainfall by an average of 22% and changes in the distribution of precipitation in the middle of the year.
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