Глобальна інвентаризація вимірювань концентрації вільного і розчиненого в підземних водах молекулярного водню в земній корі суші
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.0203-3100.v42i6.2020.222284Ключові слова:
вільний молекулярний водень, земна кора, типи резервуарів, концентрація водню, механізми утворення воднюАнотація
Проведено глобальну інвентаризацію вимірювань концентрації вільного і розчиненого у підземних водах молекулярного водню в земній корі суші із зазначенням їх регіональної прив’язки, середньої концентрації водню і її стандартного відхилення в кожному пункті, якщо концентрація перевищує 0,01 %. Для аналізу інформації пункти відбору залежно від типу дегазуючих структур класифіковані на 5 груп. Вони представлені офіолітовими комплексами, геотермальними системами, підземними водами, масивами ультрабазитів і ґрунтами. Зразки відібрані на 5 континентах у 32 країнах із 97 резервуарів 318 пунктів. У 3481 аналізі газів установлено наявність водню з різними концентраціями. Подано 294 значення R/Ra. Всі резервуари нанесено на карту світу, на якій також показано положення свердловин на території колишнього СРСР, де зареєстровано наявність водню, що надходить із підземних вод. У цілому основна маса вивчених резервуарів містить водню у невеликій кількості, тому що тільки в 16 (16,5 %) з них його концентрація перевищує 5 %. Найбільшу концентрацію водню (середнє значення 60,34 %, 7 свердловин) зафіксовано в оголовках гідрогеологічних свердловин безпосередньо після завершення буріння. Концентрація водню в ґрунті в околі свердловин у 1070—1600 разів менша, ніж водню у свердловинах, що надходить з підземних водних горизонтів. Зони сучасної активізації, що супроводжуються інтенсивними геотермальними процесами, генерують водень низької концентрації, у середньому — 1,6 ± 3,97 % (43 вимірювання). У ґрунтових газах концентрація водню коливається в діапазоні 0,03—0,06 %, за винятком Московської області (0,25 %). Концентрація водню в ґрунті зон активних розломів змінюється хаотично уздовж порушень залежно від складу осадових порід, що їх заповнюють. Лише в зонах активних розломів протягом декількох років підготовки в регіоні сильних землетрусів зафіксовано виходи водню на земну поверхню з концентрацією, яка перевищує фонову до 200 разів, сягаючи 4 %. Про наявність водню у складі газів з мантійною компонентою згадується в 14 публікаціях, в основному, виходячи з величини R/Ra. Однак перший спільний аналіз співвідношень ізотопів гелію і сейсмотомографічних даних дає змогу припустити унікальний випадок наявності водню в одній геотермальній структурі Єллоустонської кальдери. Ключову роль в утворенні водню відіграє сучасна вода. Його генерація відбувається виключно в земній корі в результаті окиснення лужної водою двовалентного заліза в основних і ультраосновних породах за різними схемами хімічних реакцій, а водяна пара завжди наявна у магматичних газах, де водень зареєстрований 24 рази. У поодиноких (чотири) випадках джерелом водню в незначних кількостях є радіоліз лужної води або радіоактивний розпад.
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