Agroecological substantiation of the efficiency of the application of microbial biopreparations in winter wheat crops in the context of preserving soil resilience

Abstract

Given the importance of greening winter wheat growing technologies, achieving further growth in the productivity of its crops becomes an extremely difficult task. In this regard, the main goal of the work was to determine the agroecological efficiency of using biopreparations in winter wheat crops to increase its yield and improve the stability of the soil environment. The effectiveness of the Bionorma series of growth-stimulating biopreparations was studied: Bionorma Nitrogen (5 l/ha), Bionorma Phosphorus (5 l/ha) and Bionorma Antistress (5 l/ha), compared with traditional mineral fertilizers (N₁₅₀P₅₀K₅₀, N₁₅₀ and P₅₀). The main attention was paid to their impact on the yield of winter wheat of the RZhT Reform cultivar and the soil condition in the agroecological context during 2022–2024. Bionorma preparations were applied to the soil by spraying during pre-sowing cultivation. The working fluid consumption rate was 200 l/ha. The use of Bionorma biopreparations can become a real alternative to mineral fertilizers when growing winter wheat. They not only help increase grain yield, but also have a positive effect on the agroecological state of the soil. In particular, the combination of Bionorma Nitrogen, Bionorma Phosphorus and Bionorma Antistress makes it possible to increase grain yield by 13.2% compared with variants without the use of fertilizers. In addition, the use of these biopreparations contributes to an increase in the content of alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the soil by 5 mg/kg compared with the control variant, and the content of mobile phosphorus increases by 8 mg/kg (compared with the control) and by 2 mg/kg (compared with the mineral fertilizer variant P₅₀). There is also a decrease in the concentration of toxic elements in the soil: mobile forms of lead — by 0.26 mg/kg compared with the control and by 0.39 mg/kg compared with the variant with mineral fertilizer N₁₅₀; cadmium — by 0.05 mg/kg and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively; copper — by 0.13 mg/kg and 0.22 mg/kg; zinc — by 0.11 mg/kg and 0.13 mg/kg. Studies also confirm the positive effect of the complex of biopreparations on the optimization of the acid-base balance (pH) of the soil solution. The pH level increases by 0.08 units compared with the control and by 0.13 units compared with the variant with N₁₅₀. At the same time, a decrease in the hydrolytic acidity of the soil was noted by 0.05 mg-eq/100 g compared with the control and by 0.27 mg-eq/100 g compared with the nitrogen mineral fertilizer N₁₅₀.