Driving faster financial inclusion in developing nations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.201120Keywords:
developing nations, financial exclusion, financial inclusion, financial services, banks in NigeriaAbstract
The object of research is an alternative strategy that could drive a faster achievement of higher rate of financial inclusion for developing nations. This is important as financial exclusion has been identified as one of the development inhibitors for developing nations. Most of them have made a concerted effort to drive financial inclusion but due to poor implementation and, more often than not, the wrong strategy to drive a faster inclusion, most developing nations have very high exclusion rates. This problem is examined by the case of Nigeria, one of such developing nations, which reports a dismal position of 68 % exclusion rate even after 4 years of its implementation of the strategy for financial inclusion, of 2012, for 80 % by 2020.
In the course of this study, literature triangulation is used, to extract workable alternatives that were presented at discussion panels with practical knowledge of the worst indicated geo-political zones in Nigeria. According to various reports of Enhanced Financial Inclusion in Nigeria (EFInA) these are the North-east and the North-west geo-political zones.
As a result of this study it is shown that the Refreshed strategy is utilising the olden system of pull strategies which has left more people, on a numeric basis, excluded than at the base year of strategy implementation. This study, therefore, recommends the push strategy, through a reorientation of the mind of the excluded, in order to drive a faster Financial Inclusion. A faster inclusion, at least faster than the rate of population growth, would produce a better financial inclusion index and truly accelerated economic growth.
In the future, the proposed approach is of an empirical study of actual excluded members of the societies of the core bottleneck communities.
References
- Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. (2012). Measuring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex Database. World Bank Policy Research Paper 6025. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6042
- World Bank (2014). Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial Inclusion. Washington: World Bank. doi: http://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9985-9
- Lagarde, C. (2014). Empowerment through Financial Inclusion. Mexico City: Keynote address at the International Forum for Financial Inclusion. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2014/062614a.htm
- International Monetary Fund (2015). Financing for Development – Revisiting the Monterrey Consensus. Washington: IMF Policy Paper. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2015/061515.pdf
- Triki, T., Faye, I. (Eds.) (2013). Financial Inclusion in Africa. Tunis: African Development Bank, 148. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Financial_Inclusion_in_Africa.pdf
- Fadun, S. O. (2014). Financial inclusion; tool for poverty alleviation and income redistribution in developing countries: Evidence from Nigeria. Academic Research International, 5 (3), 137–146.
- Abel, S., Mutandwa, L., Le Roux, P. (2018). A review of determinants of financial inclusion. International Journal of Economic and Financial Issues, 8 (3), 1–8.
- National Financial Inclusion Strategy (2018). Central Bank of Nigeria. Available at: https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2019/ccd/national%20financial%20inclusion%20strategy.pdf
- Finnegan, G. (2015). Strategies for Women’s inclusion in the commonwealth. London, 52.
- Gupta, J. (2017). Financial inclusion: A literature review of international research. International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce, 7 (11), 171–175.
- Evans, O., Lawanson, O. (2017). A multi-sectional study of Financial Inclusion and Economic output in Nigeria. Ovidus Unoversity Annals, Economic Science series, XVIII (1), 195–204.
- Rao, K. S., Baza, A. V. (2017). Barriers to access to and usage of financial services in Ethiopia. Business and Economic Research, 7 (1), 139–149. doi: http://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v7i1.11034
- Aduda, J., Kalunda, E. (2012). Financial inclusion and financial sector stability with reference to Kenya: A literature review. Journal of applied Banking, 3 (6), 95–120.
- Deepali, P. J. (2011). Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy. BI OECD SEMINAR – Round table on the updates on Financial Education and Inclusion programmes in India. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/finance/financial-education/48303408.pdf
- International Monetary Fund (2015). Nigeria – Selected Issues Paper. IMF Country Report 15/85. Washington. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr1585.pdf
- Aker, J., Wilson, K. (2013). Can mobile money be used to promote savings? Evidence from preliminary research Northern Ghana. Swift institute working paper no. 2012-003 Available at: https://swiftinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SWIFT-Institute-Working-Paper-No.-2012-003-Mobile-Money-Ghana_v7.pdf
- Enhancing Financial Innovation & Access (2017). Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2008/2010/2012/2014/2016 survey. Available at: https://www.efina.org.ng/our-work/research/access/
- Nwaneri, C. (2018). Financial exclusion drops to 36.8 %. The Guardian Daily online. Available at: https://guardian.ng/news/financial-exclusion-drops-to-36-8/
- Kirfi, M. M., Abubakar, A. M., Audu, I., Baba, M. (2019). Determinants of Clients’ intention to adopt Takaful services in Gombe state. Proceedings of the 5th International Academic Conference of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, 67–80.
- Agyemang-Badu, A. A., Agyei, K., Duah, E. K. (2018). Financial inclusion, poverty and income inequality: Evidence from Africa. Spiritan International Journal of Poverty Studies, 2 (2), 1–19.
- Zins, A., Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6 (1), 46–57. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2016.05.001
- Komolafe, B. (2019). CBN to increase banks’ loan to deposit ratio to 70 %. The Vanguard Online Daily. Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/breaking-cbn-to-increase-banks-ldr-to-70/
- Fouillet, C., Morvant-Roux, S. (2015). State building in India and Mexico: Is financial inclusion a missing link? 27th conference of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics. London: School of Economics and Political Science.
- Soederberg, S. (2013). Universalising Financial Inclusion and the Securitisation of Development. Third World Quarterly, 34 (4), 593–612. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.786285
- Arun, T., Kamath, R. (2015). Financial inclusion: Policies and practices. IIMB Management Review, 27 (4), 267–287. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2015.09.004
- Maiyaki, A. A., Ayuba, H. (2015). Consumers’ Attitude toward Islamic Insurance Services (Takaful) Patronage in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 7 (2). doi: http://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v7n2p27
- Moya, C. A. (2017). Diseño e implementación de estrategias de inclusión financiera: Una visión desde el caso Colombiano. Dilemas actuales en torno a las Inclusiones Financieras. Guadalajara: Ciesas-Occident. Available at: https://inclusionesfinancieras.wordpress.com/
- Rolfe, A. (2017). Financial inclusion – Addressing the unbanked in developing countries. Daily News. Available at: https://www.paymentscardsandmobile.com/addressing-unbanked-underbanked-developing-countries/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Adamu Magaji Abubakar, Bashir Ahmad Daneji, Ahmed Ibrahim Muhammed, Imam-Ahmad Buba Chekene
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The consolidation and conditions for the transfer of copyright (identification of authorship) is carried out in the License Agreement. In particular, the authors reserve the right to the authorship of their manuscript and transfer the first publication of this work to the journal under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. At the same time, they have the right to conclude on their own additional agreements concerning the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal, but provided that the link to the first publication of the article in this journal is preserved.