Results of analysis of epidemological indicators of viral hepatitis c in regions of the world as part of activities to improve pharmaceutical provision for patients

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2022.255858

Keywords:

viral hepatitis C, epidemiological indicators of HC, WHO European Region, pharmacotherapy

Abstract

Viral hepatitis affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, the most dangerous of which are hepatitis B and C.

The aim of our study was to study the prevalence and incidence of HC in the world and in Ukraine, as well as approaches in pharmacotherapy of HC to further identify effective measures to eliminate HC and improve pharmaceutical supply to patients in HC in Ukraine. The materials of the study were WHO statistical reports, national country reports, national recommendations for pharmacotherapy, the analysis of which was carried out by methods of generalization of information, analytical, comparative method.

Results of the research. According to the WHO segmentation, the most frequent cases of HC are found in the populations of the Nordic-Mediterranean region (15 million cases) and the European region (12 million cases). Four countries in the world account for more than 40 % of all people infected with HC, two of which are in the Nordic-Mediterranean region (Pakistan – 7.2 and Egypt – 5.6 million people, respectively). The incidence of HC in Western Europe is up to 0.5 %, while in Northern Europe it is up to 3.3 %. Currently, the highest number of first-time HC infections in 2019 was registered among the populations of Ireland, the United Kingdom and Finland. The lowest incidence rates were found in Romania, Italy and Greece. It has been established that males aged 20–45 years prevail among those infected with HC.

It was found that the prevalence of HC in Ukraine in 2015 was 3 %, according to 2020 – 5 %, with the annual number of newly recorded cases of HC increases by at least 7 %. According to the gender distribution, the ratio is on average 1.3 patients among men to 1 patient among women.

An analysis of international guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of HC has shown that their latest revisions contain new direct-acting antiviral drugs, namely combinations of drugs such as glecaprevir / pibrentasvir and sofosbuvir / velpatasvir. The standard of HC treatment in Ukraine, approved in January 2021, is more in line with the recommendations of the WHO (2018), AASLD (2019) and EASL (2020) than the 2016 treatment protocol.

Conclusions. The annual rate of HC infection in the world remains very high and is estimated at 1.5 million people. Regular revision and updating of standards of HC treatment with the latest direct-acting antiviral drugs, annual increase in the number of people in the world and in Ukraine who receive timely diagnosis of HCV and its full treatment are effective steps to achieve the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis

Author Biographies

Almira Nozdrina, National University of Pharmacy

Postgraduate Student, Assistant

Department of Social Pharmacy

Alina Volkova, National University of Pharmacy

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Social Pharmacy

Alina Cherkashyna, National University of Pharmacy

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Social Pharmacy

Olga Ovakimian, National University of Pharmacy

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Social Pharmacy

References

  1. Razavi, H., Robbins, S., Zeuzem, S., Negro, F., Buti, M., Duberg, A.-S. et. al. (2017). Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2 (5), 325–336. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30045-6
  2. World hepatitis day 2019 (2020). World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.worldhepatitisday.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/whd_report_2019.pdf
  3. Lashen, S. A., Shamseya, M. M., Madkour, M. A., Aboufarrag, G. A. (2019). Tolerability and effectiveness of generic direct‐acting antiviral drugs in eradication of hepatitis C genotype 4 among Egyptian patients. Liver International, 39 (5), 835–843. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14022
  4. Yasseen, A. S., Kwong, J. C., Feld, J. J., Janjua, N. Z., Greenaway, C., Lapointe‐Shaw, L. et. al. (2021). Viral hepatitis C cascade of care: A population‐level comparison of immigrant and long‐term residents. Liver International, 41 (8), 1775–1788. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14840
  5. Rodríguez‐Tajes, S., Domínguez, Á., Carrión, J. A., Buti, M., Quer, J. C., Morillas, R. M. et. al. (2020). Significant decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis C infection after the introduction of direct acting antivirals. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 35 (9), 1570–1578. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14984
  6. Politi, J., Guerras, J., Donat, M., Belza, M. J., Ronda, E., Barrio, G., Regidor, E. (2021). Favorable impact in hepatitis C–related mortality following free access to direct‐acting antivirals in Spain. Hepatology, 75 (5), 1247–1256. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32237
  7. Bradley, H., Hall, E. W., Rosenthal, E. M., Sullivan, P. S., Ryerson, A. B., Rosenberg, E. S. (2020). Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence in 50 U.S. States and D.C. by Sex, Birth Cohort, and Race: 2013‐2016. Hepatology Communications, 4 (3), 355–370. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1457
  8. Volkova, A. V., Nozdrina, A. A. (2020). Analiz poshyrenosti virusnoho hepatyta u krainakh Yevropeiskoho rehionu VOOZ. Liky – liudyni. Suchasni problemy farmakoterapii i pryznachennia likarskykh zasobiv». Kharkiv: NFaU, 2, 168–169.
  9. Bruno, S., Di Marco, V., Iavarone, M., Roffi, L., Crosignani, A., Calvaruso, V. et. al. (2016). Survival of patients with HCV cirrhosis and sustained virologic response is similar to the general population. Journal of Hepatology, 64(6), 1217–1223. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.034
  10. Degenhardt, L., Peacock, A., Colledge, S., Leung, J., Grebely, J., Vickerman, P. et. al. (2017). Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. The Lancet Global Health, 5 (12), e1192–e1207. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30375-3
  11. Chhatwal, J., Chen, Q., Aggarwal, R. (2018). Estimation of Hepatitis C Disease Burden and Budget Impact of Treatment Using Health Economic Modeling. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 32 (2), 461–480. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2018.02.008
  12. Martin, T. C., Ingiliz, P., Rodger, A., Stellbrink, H. J., Mauss, S., Boesecke, C. et. al. (2016). HCV Reinfection Incidence and Outcomes among HIV Infected MSM in Western Europe. Journal of Hepatology, 64 (2), S138–S139. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(16)01643-3
  13. Negro, F., Forton, D., Craxì, A., Sulkowski, M. S., Feld, J. J., Manns, M. P. (2015). Extrahepatic Morbidity and Mortality of Chronic Hepatitis C. Gastroenterology, 149 (6), 1345–1360. doi: http://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.035
  14. Reekie, J. M., Levy, M. H., Richards, A. H., Wake, C. J., Siddall, D. A., Beasley, H. M. et. al. (2014). Trends in HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C prevalence among Australian prisoners ‐ 2004, 2007, 2010. Medical Journal of Australia, 200 (5), 277–280. doi: http://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.11062
  15. Rahal, H., Boutros, S., Farhat, M., Kullar, R., Rahal, K., Saab, S. (2020). Estimating paediatric hepatitis C prevalence in the United States. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 27 (12), 1455–1461. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13377
  16. Larney, S., Kopinski, H., Beckwith, C. G., Zaller, N. D., Jarlais, D. D., Hagan, H. et. al. (2013). Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed settings: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 58 (4), 1215–1224. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26387
  17. Global Hepatitis Report (2017) Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255016/9789?sequence=1
  18. Surveillance atlas of infectious diseases (2017). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available at: http://atlas.ecdc.europa.eu/public/index.aspx?Dataset=27&HealthTopic=27
  19. Pro zatverdzhennia standartiv medychnoi dopomohy pry virusnomu hepatyti C u doroslykh (2021). Nakaz MOZ Ukrainy No. 51. 15.01.2021. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/rada/show/v0051282-21#Text
  20. Pawlotsky, J.-M., Negro, F., Aghemo, A., Berenguer, M., Dalgard, O., Dusheiko, G. et. al. (2020). EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: Final update of the series. Journal of Hepatology, 73 (5), 1170–1218. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.018
  21. Ghany, M. G., Morgan, T. R. (2020). Hepatitis C Guidance 2019 Update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–Infectious Diseases Society of America Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Hepatology, 71 (2), 686–721. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31060
  22. Guidelines for the care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C infection (2019). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  23. VOZ. Hepatyt S. Osnovni fakty (2019). Available at: https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
  24. Fikri, M. (2017). Eliminating hepatitis from the eastern mediterranean region. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 23 (7). Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-23-2017/volume-23-issue-7/eliminating-hepatitis-from-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html
  25. Hepatitis С. Еuropean centre for disease prevention and control. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/hepatitis-c Last accessed: 26.11.2021
  26. Hepatitis C testing. Available at: https://health.ri.gov/find/services/detail.php?id=65
  27. Blach, S., Zeuzem, S., Manns, M., Altraif, I., Duberg, A.-S., Muljono, D. H. et. al. (2017). Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2 (3), 161–176. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9
  28. Informatsiini materialy pro virusni hepatyty TsHZ. Available at: https://www.phc.org.ua/kontrol-zakhvoryuvan/virusni-gepatiti/informaciyni-materiali-pro-vg
  29. Kubarieva, I. V., Volkova, A. V., Nozdrina, A. A. (2019). Analysis of structure and dynamics of socio-medical indicators of chronic virus hepatitis C in Ukraine. Pharmaceutical Review, 2, 123–129. doi: http://doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2019.2.10185
  30. Serheieva, T. A., Ivanchuk, I. O. (2018). Hepatyt S v Ukraini: epidemiolohichna kharakterystyka ta otsinka tiaharia (za rezultatamy analizu danykh z riznykh dzherel. Kyiv, 111.

Downloads

Published

2022-04-29

How to Cite

Nozdrina, A., Volkova, A., Cherkashyna, A., & Ovakimian, O. (2022). Results of analysis of epidemological indicators of viral hepatitis c in regions of the world as part of activities to improve pharmaceutical provision for patients . ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, (2(36), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2022.255858

Issue

No. 2(36) (2022)

Section

Pharmaceutical Science

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Almira Nozdrina, Alina Volkova, Alina Cherkashyna, Olga Ovakimian

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Our journal abides by the Creative Commons CC BY copyright rights and permissions for open access journals.