Якісні властивості голозерного ячменю та успадкування забарвлення зерна

Автор(и)

  • Н.І. Васько Інститут рослинництва ім. В.Я. Юр'єва НААН України, Україна
  • Є.О. Михайленко Інститут рослинництва ім. В.Я. Юр'єва НААН України, Україна

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30835/2413-7510.2024.318764

Ключові слова:

ярий голозерний ячмінь, кольорове зерно, селекція, фенольні сполуки, антоціанідини, розщеплення, успадкування

Анотація

В Інституті рослинництва ім. В.Я. Юрʼєва НААН розгорнуто селекцію голозерного ячменю харчового напряму використання, в тому числі з кольоровим зерном та крохмалем зі зміненим складом (waxy). Вихідний матеріал одержано з Національного центру генетичних ресурсів рослин України – зразки різновиду nudum L., daghestanicum Vav. et Orl. iз сіро зеленим зерном, viride Vav. et Orl. із зеленим зерном, violaceum Koern. та nudidubium Koern. з фіолетовим зерном, nigrinudum Vav., nudimelanocrithum Giess. et al. з чорним зерном та лінія SGI 7024 з блакитним зерном селекції СГІ-НЦНС. Джерелами зміненого складу крохмалю були голозерні сорти канадської селекції CDC Alamo та Mebere (waxy) та CDC Hilose (high amylose). Установлено, що вміст фенольних сполук та антоціанидинів залежить від генотипу та умов вирощування, а стабільно високими ці показники були у лінії Віолет 18-1207 та сортів CDC Alamo, CDC Hilose. Створена нами цінна лінія Віолет 18-1207 (UA 0805977) різновиду nudidubium має не лише зерно фіолетового кольору, але і всі інші частини рослини мають яскраво фіолетове забарвлення у фазі колосіння–налив. Після дозрівання рослина набуває сіро-бузкового кольору. Вміст антоціанинів у зернівці складає 0,260 умов. од. D530/г, вміст фенолів теж високий – 1,04 мг/г за еквівалентом галової кислоти. За аналізом гібридних популяцій встановлено, що в F1 успадковується, як правило, темне забарвлення, а деякі зразки стабільно передають у поколіннях своє забарвлення зерна за участі в скрещуванні як за материнський, так і за батьківський компонент. У популяціях F2 відбувалося розщеплення за кольором зерна, успадкування забарвлення зернівки у ячменю можна пояснити взаємодією неалельних генів переважно за типом компліментарності. У деяких популяціях виявлено новоутворення, що є цінним для збагачення вихідного матеріалу для селекції.

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