The explanaton of the selection of basic detergents and secondary detergents for the development of foam means with minimum irritant action: a review

Abstract

Introduction. Modern detergents are different from those products which satisfied the needs of consumers of the last century (for example, they had a stable foam, a bright color due to synthetic dyes, sometimes rich liquorice smells, etc.). At the present time, the consumer has became more selective when choosing foaming agents of different orientation. Analyzing the entire information space, we noticed that manufacturers develop foam materials on the basis of classical technology, that is, they combine anionic, amphoteric, nonionic detergents, and also add auxiliary substances such as viscosity regulators, corients, pH values, and others. We also noted that the modern manufacturer began to prefer detergents or even their combinations, which in turn would have less irritant activity on the skin and mucous membranes. Materials and methods. As materials we used informational and literary sources that highlighted the main characteristics of modern basic and additional detergents. Also, we used conventional methods of research, namely historical, logical, comparative and structural. Results. Usually, in formulations of foaming agents, which are represented in the Ukrainian market, mostly detergents of anionic nature, such as sodium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, are presented. The washing properties in them provide a surface-active anion: a negatively charged particle of a molecule. It is the anions that give a massive foam. But since the surface of our skin has a polymozaic charge, the efficacy of cleaning with such a detergent is not the best one. Therefore, lately, modern manufacturers combine either nonionic and amphoteric detergents or combine them with mild anionic substances such as sodium mentresulfate, sodium laurylsarkosinate, magnesium laureth sulfate, and etc. After analyzing literary sources and taking into account the manufacturer's advice, we identified the main "soft" surfactants that are currently used: Magnesium Laureth Sulfate,  Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate,  Sodium Myethyrsulphate, Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate, Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Disodium Ricinoleamido MEA-Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Laureth-11 Carboxylate, Laureth-7 Citrate. As additional detergents in foaming agents, various amphoteric, nonionic, some anionic and crypt-anionic detergents are commonly used. Conclusions. The analysis of the nomenclature and characteristics of modern detergents of different nature of origin, namely anionic, amphoteric and nonionogenic, is carried out. It has been established that a wide range of detergents is currently used, which can be used in various applications, for example, from children's foam to shower gels. It is noted that due to the use of detergents with minimal irritant action, it is possible to create a group of sputum funds not only with satisfactory consumer and physicochemical indicators, but also with a limited interval of pH.