Analysis of phenolic compounds of willow extracts by HPLC method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15011204Keywords:
Key words: Salix viminalis L. cormus, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), compounds of phenolic natureAbstract
Abstract. In Ukraine, special energy plantations of fast-growing, highly productive willow varieties are being actively established. Most often, domestic and Swedish-selected varieties and hybrids of rod-shaped willow are used. An analysis of available scientific sources reveals that data on the pharmacognostic studies of 'energy willow' raw materials remain significantly limited. The aim of our work is to analyze the composition of phenolic compounds of willow extracts obtained from raw materials collected on an energy plantation. Materials and methods. Willow shoots were harvested from an energy plantation in the Rivne region. The samples were analyzed by HPLC using a Shimadzu HPLC system under the following conditions: a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) column (250 × 4.6 mm, particle size – 5 μm); column temperature – 35 °C; detection wavelengths – 330 nm (for hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoid glycosides), 370 nm (for flavonoid aglycones), 280 nm (for tannins), and 340 nm (for coumarins); mobile phase flow rate – 1 ml/min; injection volume – 5 μl. The mobile phase consisted of eluent A (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution in water) and eluent B (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution in acetonitrile) in various ratios. Component identification was performed based on retention times and the compliance of UV spectra with reference substances. Results. The chemical composition of willow bark extracts (50%, 70%, 96% ethanol and 80% methanol) was investigated by HPLC, and 12 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified: flavonoids catechin, apigenin-7-glucoside, quercetin, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, phenolic acids chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and caffeic acids, gallic and ellagic acids, coumarin scopoletin. The raw material of "energy willow" is a promising plant raw material as a source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical purposes and requires further research.
Key words: Salix viminalis L. cormus, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), compounds of phenolic nature
References
The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine: in 3 volumes / State Enterprise Ukrainian ScientificPharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines. - 2nd edition. - Kharkiv: State Enterprise 'Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines,' 2014; Vol. 3. 263-265, 732 p. ISBN 978-966-97390-0-1. In Ukraine.
Paul Baker, Adam Charlton, Chris Johnston, James J. Leahy, Kevin Lindegaard, Italo Pisano, John Prendergast, Dave Preskett, Campbell Skinner, A review of Willow (Salix spp.) as an integrated biorefinery feedstock, Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 189, 2022; 115823, ISSN 0926-6690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115823
Borodina N.V. Pharmacognostic study of willow plants and creation of medicines based on them. Abstract of the dissertation of the Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences: 15.00.02. Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy. Kharkiv. 2021; 42 https://dspace.nuph.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/27573/1/avtoreferat-borodina-n.v..pdf.
Mgbeahuruike EE, Salih E, Prévost-Monteiro S, Sipari N, Väre H, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Fyhrqvist P. Polyphenol Analysis and Antibacterial Potentials of Twig Extracts of Salix aurita, S. pyrolifolia, and S. caprea Growing Naturally in Finland. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(22):11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252211978
Jang, Y.S.; Kang, D.-M.; Ko, Y.-J.; Ra, M.-J.; Jung, S.-M.; Ahn, M.-J.; Lee, S.; Kim, K.H. Discovery of Isograndidentatin D, a Novel Phenolic Glycoside, and Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Phenolics from Salix koreensis Twigs. Plants 2024; 13, 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243603
Elin Anander, Pål Börjesson, Lovisa Björnsson, Kristina Blennow, Farmers’ willingness to introduce short-rotation tree plantations on agricultural land: A case study in southern Sweden, Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 191, 2024, 107424, ISSN 0961-9534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107424.
Santucci S, Eisenbies M, Volk T. Yield and Survival of 19 Cultivars of Willow (Salix spp.) Biomass Crops over Eight Rotations. Forests. 2024; 15(11):2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112041
Zalesny Jr RS, Berndes G, Dimitriou I, et al. Positive water linkages of producing short rotation poplars and willows for bioenergy and phytotechnologies. WIREs Energy Environ. 2019; e345. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.345
Amit Choudhary, Sunita Dudi, Minu Yadav, Chandan Singh, Manoj Kumar adalkha. A Promising drug review on ethanomedicinal plant of Salix tetrasperma Roxb. PIJAR 2024; volume-9 issue-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47071/pijar.2024.v09i04.01
Borodina N., Kovalyov V., Koshovyi O. Biologically active substances of Salix purpurea f. gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C. K. Schneid. (Salicaceae). Scientific Journal «ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science» 2019; № 3 (19): 42–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2019.173459
Borodina N., Raal A., Kovalyov V., Koshovyi О., Ilina T. Macro- and Microelements in the Branches of some Salix Genus Species in the Flora of Ukraine. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences. 2020; Vol. 9, № 3: 71–80. ISSN : 2277-3657 CODEN(USA) : IJPRPM
Borodina N., Raal A., Kovalyov V., Osolodchenko T., Koshovyi О., Hoai Thi Nguyen, Komissarenko A. Phytochemical Research and Antimicrobial Properties of Lipophylic Extracts of Some Species of Salix L. Genus from Ukraine. The Open Agriculture Journal. 2020; Volume 14: 136-144. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331502014010136
Tawfeek N, Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Sobeh M, Farrag N, Wink M, El-Shazly AM. Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Medicinal Uses of Plants of the Genus Salix: An Updated Review. Front Pharmacol. 2021; 12:593856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.593856
Clarice Noleto-Dias, Jane L. Ward, Alice Bellisai, Charlotte Lomax, Michael H. Beale, Salicin-7-sulfate: A new salicinoid from willow and implications for herbal medicine, Fitoterapia, 2018; Volume 127: 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.009
Мihai Victor Curtasu, Natalja P. Nørskov, Quantitative distribution of flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, flavonols, flavanone and salicylic acid in five varieties of organic winter dormant Salix spp. by LC-MS/MS, Heliyon, Volume 10, Issue 3, 2024; e25129, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25129
Emilia I. Gligorić, Ružica Igić, Ljiljana Đ. Suvajdžić, Branislava D. Teofilović, Nevena N. Grujić-Letić, Salix eleagnos Scop. – a novel source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds: Biochemical screening and in silico approaches, South African Journal of Botany, Volume 128, 2020; 339-348, ISSN 0254-6299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.018.
Mgbeahuruike EE, Salih E, Prévost-Monteiro S, Sipari N, Väre H, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Fyhrqvist P. Polyphenol Analysis and Antibacterial Potentials of Twig Extracts of Salix aurita, S. pyrolifolia, and S. caprea Growing Naturally in Finland. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(22):11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252211978
Lin, C.-R.; Tsai, S.H.L.; Wang, C.; Lee, C.-L.; Hung, S.-W.; Ting, Y.-T.; Hung, Y.C. Willow Bark (Salix spp.) Used for Pain Relief in Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life 2023, 13, 2058. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/life13102058
Rashmi Saxena Pal, Yogendra Pal, Motamarri Venkata Naga Lalitha Chaitanya, Avijit Mazumder, Navneet Khurana and Prabin Kumar Tharu. Discerning the Multi-dimensional Role of Salicin: Bioactive Glycoside Beyond Analgesic: Different Perspectives Volume 19, Issue 7, 2024; 757 – 764. DOI: 10.2174/0115748855272391231114042540
Bonaterra G.A., Heinrich E.U., Kelber O., Weiser D., Metz J., Kinscherf R., Anti-inflammatory effects of the willow bark extract STW 33-I (Proaktiv®) in LPS-activated human monocytes and differentiated macrophages, Phytomedicine, Volume 17, Issue 14, 2010; 1106-1113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.022
Xie H, Fu Y, Fu D, Lin D, Zhou H, Fu G, Li H, Liu J, Zheng X, Li K. The Physiological Response of Salix matsudana for Water Pollution by 2,4-Dinitrophenol. Toxics. 2024;12(10):763. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100763
Saracila, M., Panaite, T. D., Predescu, N. C., Untea, A. E., & Vlaicu, P. A. Effect of Dietary Salicin Standardized Extract from Salix alba Bark on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Intestinal Microflora of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress. Agriculture, 2023; 13(3), 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030698
Farag SA, El-Keredy A, Abd El Gawad SA, Swelum AA, Tellez-Isaias G, Abouzeid AE. Impacts of willow (Salix babylonica L.) leaf extract on growth, cecal microbial population, and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. Poult Sci. 2024; 103(3):103386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103386
Golembiovska O. Simultaneous determination of flavonoids and phenolic acids in different parts of Prunella vulgaris L. by HPLC-DAD. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. ISSN: 2051-7858. 2014;29(1):1248-55
Shanaida M, Palamar O, Holembiovska O. Chromatographic Profile of Polyphenols in the Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Herb: Evaluation of Optimal Extraction Efficiency. Biomed Pharmacol J 2024;17(1). DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2834
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Annals of Mechnikov's Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
