Structural modification of the 1,2,4-triazole core as a strategy for the design of biologically active compounds (Literature Review)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2026.356807

Keywords:

1,2,4-triazole, chemical modification, biological activity, synthesis, pharmacophore, alkylation, hybrid compounds, molecular docking, ADME analysis, SAR

Abstract

The aim. The aim of this review article is to systematize and summarize current literature data on methods of chemical modification of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, as well as to analyze the impact of structural transformations on their biological activity and pharmacological potential.

Materials and methods. The analysis was based on scientific publications by domestic and international authors devoted to the synthesis, functionalization, and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Data generalization was carried out using methods of systematic analysis, comparative assessment of synthetic approaches, and analysis of the results of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies (molecular docking, ADME analysis, SAR evaluation).

Results. It has been shown that 1,2,4-triazole derivatives are characterized by high chemical lability and the ability to undergo modification at the sulfur atom, amino group, and nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic core. Alkylation and acylation reactions, salt formation, hybridization with other pharmacophoric fragments, as well as the application of microwave-assisted synthesis enable the development of compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activity. Among the studied derivatives, compounds exhibiting antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and hypoglycemic activities have been identified. A correlation between the chemical structure of the compounds, the nature of substituents, and their pharmacological properties has been established.

Conclusions. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives represent a promising pharmacophoric platform for the development of new biologically active compounds. Further targeted investigation of their chemical modification pathways and structure–activity relationships offer broad opportunities for the design of potential therapeutic agents

Supporting Agency

  • Research project "Creation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives with polypharmacological activity for the needs of military medicine and combat victims" with registration number 0126U001480 and This study was funded by European Union-NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria, project № BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02

Author Biographies

Dmytro Dovbnia, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University

PhD, Assistant

Department of Physical, Colloid and Analytical Chemistry

Andrii Kaplaushenko, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department

Department of Physical, Colloid and Analytical Chemistry

Oleksandr Panasenko, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department

Department of Toxicological and Inorganic Chemistry

Mariia Panasenko, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University

PhD, Assistant

Department of Internal Medicine

Volodymyr Salionov, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Biological Chemistry

Tetiana Ihnatova, «Руlур Orlyk International Classical University» Private Higher Educational Institution

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Pharmacy

Kaloyan Georgiev, Medical University of Varna

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor

Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy

Iliya Slavov, Medical University of Varna

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Biology

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Structural modification of the 1,2,4-triazole core as a strategy for the design of biologically active compounds (Literature Review)

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2026-04-30

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Dovbnia, D., Kaplaushenko, A., Panasenko, O., Panasenko, M., Salionov, V., Ihnatova, T., Georgiev, K., & Slavov, I. (2026). Structural modification of the 1,2,4-triazole core as a strategy for the design of biologically active compounds (Literature Review). ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, (2 (60), 14–44. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2026.356807

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No. 2 (60) (2026)

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Pharmaceutical Science

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Copyright (c) 2026 Dmytro Dovbnia, Andrii Kaplaushenko, Oleksandr Panasenko, Mariia Panasenko, Volodymyr Salionov, Tetiana Ihnatova, Kaloyan Georgiev, Iliya Slavov

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