Riboflavin in photodynamic inactivation of pathogens and photodynamic therapy

M Pogorelaya; A Martynov; E Romanova

Автор(и)

M Pogorelaya Mechnikov institute of microbiology and immunology,
A Martynov Mechnikov institute of microbiology and immunology,
E Romanova Mechnikov institute of microbiology and immunology,

Ключові слова:

riboflavin, photodynamic, antimicrobial, antiviral, UVA, UVB

Анотація

Riboflavin, besides its key role in providing cellular metabolism in humans and animals, is used as a compound of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) owing to its photosensitizing capability. PDT is a promising approach for the photoinactivation of pathogens in blood and blood derivatives. It has been reported, that the advantage of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is that there are no resistant strains to it. Flavins are photoreducible and photon-induced excitation of them in the ultraviolet-blue (UV-blue) spectral band can lead to formation of either singlet oxygen via energy transfer to environmental oxygen, or hydrogen peroxide and derivatives via radicalisation – altogether termed reactive oxygen species (ROS) and used hereafter. Exactly the ROS production property of riboflavin is used for antiviral and antibacterial disinfection; for strengthening the corneal tissue in photorefractive surgery by the ROS-induced collagen cross-linking. Several studies reveal the antimicrobial photodynamic potential of riboflavin irradiated with the ultraviolet-blue and with visible light against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Bacillus subtilis in vitro. It was shown, that riboflavin/UV-A and allowed effectiveness against such fungal pathogens as Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Fusarium spр, and A. fumigatusas which may cause infection keratomycosis. The photoilluminated riboflavin significantly reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the level of cellular antioxidant metabolite - glutathione (GSH). Along with that the specific activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) - which is involved in detoxification process - was increased significantly in cells exposed to photoilluminated riboflavin. Riboflavin, illuminated by UVA or visible light, has also been developed as a nucleic acid-binding agent to be used for photoinactivation of such nucleic acid-containing pathogens in plasma, platelets, and RBCs as viruses. Several studies have revealed the effectiveness of reduction in some viruses’ infectivity, including human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis B virus (HCV), pseudorabies virus. Thus, the «riboflavin+UVB» system has found their application in pathogen reduction technology – «Mirasol»® Pathogen Reduction Technology (PRT) system. Riboflavin has been thought to be a promising antitumoral agent in photodynamic therapy, though the further application of the method was limited by the unclear molecular mechanism. Several studies reveal that of PDT-mediated cytotoxicity occur in three ways: apoptotic, necrotic and autophagy-associated cell death. Some findings, show that certain PDT techniques acting via inducing of apoptotic cell death that is highly immunogenic and can stimulate antitumor immunity. Thus, we can conclude that, the «riboflavin+UVB» system is suitable for photoinactivation of bacteria, fungi and viruses and has a potential in antitumor treatment strategies. Further studies will reveal more and more aspects of riboflavin capabilities.

Посилання

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