Determining the sequence of elimination of impurity ions from the surface of historical cold iron weapons
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.283077Keywords:
historical cold weapons, chemical composition, impurity ions, X-ray fluorescence analysis, identification, examination, authenticityAbstract
Confirming the authenticity of historical cold weapons and determining their age is an urgent problem in practical examination. One of the promising directions for its solution is the experimental study of the process of elimination of impurity ions from iron, which occurs throughout the long history of life.
This paper describes a model that explains the sequence of elimination of impurity ions from near-surface parts of the metal. Deformation indicators of the crystal lattice of iron were calculated and sorted in order of decreasing ionic radius of the impurity chemical element. A diagram of the deformation effect of impurity chemical elements on the volume-centered crystal lattice of iron was constructed. Ions that are larger in diameter are more actively eliminated from the surface layers of the metal, while ions that are smaller are removed to a lesser extent.
With the help of the authors’ methodology, a study of the chemical composition of the surface of collection samples of iron cold weapons of the 20th, 19th, and 18th centuries was carried out. It has been established that a metal alloy made in the recent past ‒ up to 100 years ‒ is characterized by a very active release of impurity chemical elements on the surface when it is heated. Iron weapons made up to 200 years ago have a significantly lower ability to release chemical impurities because most of the latter have already been eliminated. At the same time, samples of cold weapons of this age already have microdefects in the form of cleavage cracks and caverns, so their surface contains a significant number of compounds of eliminated chemical elements that have accumulated during the long history of their use. Older cold weapons, made 300 years ago or earlier, have impurity ions that are smaller than ferric ions, particularly silicon.
The results of the research are important for the identification and authentication of historical iron cold weapons
References
- Kikuchi, N. (2020). Development and Prospects of Refining Techniques in Steelmaking Process. ISIJ International, 60 (12), 2731–2744. doi: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2020-186
- Palmer, P. Introduction to Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) – an Analytical Chemistry Perspective. Available at: https://www.asdlib.org/onlineArticles/ecourseware/Palmer/ASDL%20Intro%20to%20XRF.pdf
- Ashkenazi, D., Gitler, H., Stern, A., Tal, O. (2017). Metallurgical investigation on fourth century BCE silver jewellery of two hoards from Samaria. Scientific Reports, 7 (1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40659
- Mincu, V., Constantin, N. (2013). Refining Steels Produced in Electric Arc Furnace. U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B., 75 (2), 109–116. Available at: https://www.scientificbulletin.upb.ro/rev_docs_arhiva/full80c_761668.pdf
- Mincu, V., Negru, M., Constantin, N. (2012). Increase the Ingots Quality Cast in Vacuum. Solid State Phenomena, 188, 339–345. doi: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.188.339
- Guerra, M. F., Pagès-Camagna, S. (2019). On the way to the New Kingdom. Analytical study of Queen Ahhotep's gold jewellery (17th Dynasty of Egypt). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 36, 143–152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.09.004
- Robbiola, L., Blengino, J.-M., Fiaud, C. (1998). Morphology and mechanisms of formation of natural patinas on archaeological Cu–Sn alloys. Corrosion Science, 40 (12), 2083–2111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(98)00096-1
- Scrivano, S., Gómez Tubío, B., Ortega-Feliu, I., Ager, F. J., Paul, A., Respaldiza, M. A. (2017). Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects. X-Ray Spectrometry, 46 (2), 123–130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2738
- Merezhko, N., Vovk, Y., Indutnyi, V., Pirkovich, K., Davydiuk, V., Andreiev, O. (2021). Devising criteria for the authenticity of historical cold weapons based on X-ray fluorescence analysis of their surface. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 6 (12 (114)), 6–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.247624
- Indutnyi, V., Merezhko, N., Pirkovich, K. (2019). Studying the authenticity of the golden element from a Mongolian warrior’s armor by physical-chemical methods. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1 (12 (97)), 34–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.157156
- Vovk, Y., Merezhko, N., Indutnyi, V., Pirkovich, K., Lytvynenko, Y. (2022). Determining dangerous chemicals on the surface of metallic historical artefacts. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 6 (12 (120)), 6–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.268175
- Indutnyi, V., Merezhko, N., Pirkovich, K., Andreiev, O. (2021). Identification of patterns of crystal-chemical transformations in historical artifacts made of metals. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1 (12 (109)), 44–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.225418
- Hlosariy terminiv z khimiyi (2008). Donetsk, 738. Available at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Opeida_Shvaika_Glossary_of_chemistry_terms.pdf
- Periodychnist zminy radiusiv atomiv khimichnykh elementiv. Available at: https://www.miyklas.com.ua/p/himija/8-klas/periodichnii-zakon-i-budova-atomiv-39913/periodichna-tablitcia-i-zakonomirnosti-zmini-vlastivostei-khimichnikh-ele_-39922/re-5bfdbee7-e780-454c-ad37-358b9eec1426
- Atomni ta yonni radiusy. Shchilna struktura atomnykh krystaliv. Available at: https://chemeducation.pnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/02/Лекція_3_радіус.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Yuliia Vovk, Volodymyr Indutnyi, Nina Merezhko, Kateryna Pirkovich, Valeriia Dyshlova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The consolidation and conditions for the transfer of copyright (identification of authorship) is carried out in the License Agreement. In particular, the authors reserve the right to the authorship of their manuscript and transfer the first publication of this work to the journal under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. At the same time, they have the right to conclude on their own additional agreements concerning the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal, but provided that the link to the first publication of the article in this journal is preserved.
A license agreement is a document in which the author warrants that he/she owns all copyright for the work (manuscript, article, etc.).
The authors, signing the License Agreement with TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC, have all rights to the further use of their work, provided that they link to our edition in which the work was published.
According to the terms of the License Agreement, the Publisher TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC does not take away your copyrights and receives permission from the authors to use and dissemination of the publication through the world's scientific resources (own electronic resources, scientometric databases, repositories, libraries, etc.).
In the absence of a signed License Agreement or in the absence of this agreement of identifiers allowing to identify the identity of the author, the editors have no right to work with the manuscript.
It is important to remember that there is another type of agreement between authors and publishers – when copyright is transferred from the authors to the publisher. In this case, the authors lose ownership of their work and may not use it in any way.
