THE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TRADITIONAL CERAMICS OF LEFT-BANK UKRAINE

Abstract

The problems of the development of pottery tradition in Eastern Ukraine region are investigated. Traditional and modern pottery are analyzed, its role in traditional culture of Ukraine is determined. The article is considered the problem of formation and development of pottery traditions in the main centers of Eastern Ukraine in late XVIII-XX centuries.

Among the pottery Poltava province best known were pots, bowls, markets, makitries, jugs of milk and water jugs, cups, pumpkins, water barrels, flowerpots, "hormah" (shaped bread), "sloyiky" (jars), "kurushky" (for incense), the rams of vodka, kumanetses, tiles for stoves and cornices to them, fire bricks and roofs. The children produced the toys by themselves, that’s why the toys have so pronounced primitive shapes, simplicity. The list of pottery largely confirms the excellent characteristics of Poltava ceramics from other regions of the left-bank Ukraine.

The pottery of Poltava province has deeply traditional forms. It is characterized by floral and animal ornamentations, two- three-color painting as wavy lines, polychromatic painting, splendor, variety of artistic techniques. The golden, brown, green and blue glazes used for figured utensils.

Pottery of Kharkiv region were used primarily for residential purposes and in some cases – for other purposes. The most popular were anthropomorphic dishes in Kupiansk, New Vodolaga, Valki and Izjum. The specific feature of this region in the manufacture of pottery and pottery dishes were ornamentation of utensils (plates and bowls only) for the old way, breaking the paint by the special brush.

Chernihiv region was famous by the manufacture of tiles, which was in great demand at fairs of Kharkiv, Poltava and Chernigov regions. The production of the tiles acquired the prosperity in the late eighteenth – early nineteenth centuries. Mostly potters from Oleshnya produced makitries, different in size (1 to 20 liters ) jugs (1 to 15 liters), to form a belt – "pasochnytsi" teapots, candlesticks, whistles, pots for flowers, "tsvitoshnyky" – for indoor plants hladyshky (pitchers), pumpkins, flasks, lohoni (bowl, basin 30 liters). For baking plums special dishes – Banks (8 to 10 liters) were made.

Tiles in Oleshnya were not made. In the last century, Oleshnya was famous by manufacturing ceramics, which enjoyed great popularity in Ukraine and abroad.

For ornaments the pottery of Chernihiv region was characterized by graphic design and plant- animal composition. Regarding pottery of Ichnya, Krolevets, Nizhin regions, it was characterized by geometrized compositions with orange, yellow and green.

From the study of T. Ershova, we see that pottery of Sumska region is characterized by prudence the forms. It should be noted that the restraint form can be traced even in ancient pottery of northerners. The pottery of Sumska region had its own specific characteristics. There were deep bowls, "shaped, low" sole "pots and makitries – squat and stable, narrow kovbushky – broad-shouldered, with a smooth silhouette calm".

In the second part of the nineteenth century the outstanding pottery village center of Sumska region was Shatrysche village of Yampolsky district. It was there that made the gray household ceramics. The ornament was just scratched and stamped. Since 1930 the masters of Shatrysche village start watering pottery inside. Techniques and methods of making pottery artisans of Lugansk region borrowed in potters of Opishnensky village. Then, based on the adopted techniques, creating their own country. In villages Yevsuh and Makarov Yar artisans, besides the dishes, made "fistula", toys that are different from other cells of the Left-Bank Ukraine. The pottery of Makarov Yar village were too primitive. N. Kaplun said that because of his rudeness, lack glaze dinnerware this cell is not used at fairs so popular like other dishes pottery centers in Luhansk region. Folk masters of Luhanshchyna applied ornament on pottery in the upper body. They sold the products of their local potters in the late nineteenth century at fairs, sometimes bartered for bread.

So, pottery of the Left-bank Ukraine were different not only in their production, but also the range. This pottery is based on the historical and artistic experience, which has accumulated over the centuries.