Requirements for a unified system of road vehicles environmental labelling and low emission zones

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.217543

Keywords:

emissions of pollutants, environmental labelling of vehicles, environment zones, environmental management

Abstract

A concise analysis of global experience in the field of environmental labelling of road vehicles with an emphasis on differentiating access to low-emission zones is given. The main principles of the introduction and application of a unified system of environmental labelling of road vehicles are highlighted with an emphasis on tools to stimulate the maintenance of the environmental properties inherent in the design. On the basis of simulation, forecasts of a decrease in the average specific reduced emissions of harmful substances by a fleet of vehicles of different categories are given in accordance with different control scenarios. Through the introduction of the proposed environment zones of various levels, the fundamental possibilities are shown to achieve a decrease in the level of total specific reduced emissions approximately: up to 40–65 % of the current level within dense urban development covering large territories (“red” environment zones of level V with the maximum permissible level of reduced emissions of 251 g/km (g/tkm) and, accordingly, limiting the active operation of at least vehicles that meet the requirements of "Euro-0" and below); 4–5 times in very polluted and densely populated areas ("yellow" environment zones of level IV, with restrictions for cars with engines with positive ignition of the level "Euro-2" and below, and cars with diesel engines "Euro-4" and below ); by an order of magnitude in especially sensitive designated areas ("green" environment zones of level III with the maximum permissible level of reduced emissions of 63 g/km (g/tkm) with unlimited access for cars with engines with positive ignition of the "Euro-4" level and above, passenger cars with diesel engines of "Euro-6d" level up to 8 years, trucks and buses of "Euro-6" level up to 15 years old)

Author Biographies

Oleksiy Klymenko, State Enterprise "State Road Transport Research Institute" Peremohy ave., 57, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03113

PhD, Associate Professor, Deputy Head of Research Laboratory, Deputy Head of Testing Centre, Full Member of the Transport Academy of Ukraine

Research Laboratory of Fuels and the Environment

Scientific and Technological Development of Road Vehicle Testing Centre

Viktor Gorytski, State Enterprise "State Road Transport Research Institute" Peremohy ave., 57, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03113

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Personality of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Director

Yurii Gutarevych, National Transport University M. Omelianovycha-Pavlenka str., 1, Kyiv, Ukraine, 01010

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department, Honored Personality of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Full Member of the Transport Academy of Ukraine

Department of Engines and Heating

Anton Shchelkunov, Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine Peremohy ave., 14, Kyiv, Ukraine, 01135

Director General

Ruslan Kyrychenko, Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine Peremohy ave., 14, Kyiv, Ukraine, 01135

Head of Expert Group of Technical Regulation

References

  1. Ricci, A., Gaggi, S., Enei, R., Tomassini, M., Fioretto, M. et. al. (2017). Study on urban vehicle access regulations. Final report. European Commission. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/uvar_final_report_august_28.pdf
  2. The central portal for all European environmental zones. Available at: https://www.greenzones.eu/en/
  3. Amundsen, A. H., Sundvor, I. (2018). Low Emission Zones in Europe Requirements, enforcement and air quality. TØI report 1666/2018. Available at: https://www.toi.no/getfile.php?mmfileid=49204
  4. Ekologicheskie zony i drugie ogranicheniya dvizheniya v Evrope. Available at: https://krass56.ru/ecological_zones_in_the_cities_of_europe_restrictions_for_cars.html
  5. Environmental zones in Europe (2020). European Consumer Centre France. Available at: https://www.europe-consommateurs.eu/en/consumer-topics/on-the-road/travelling-by-car/car-traffic-rules-in-europe/environmental-zones-in-europe/
  6. Impact of Low Emission Zones. Urban Access Regulations in Europe. Available at: https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/low-emission-zones-main/impact-of-low-emission-zones
  7. Overview of website. Urban Access Regulations in Europe. Available at: https://www.urbanaccessregulations.eu/userhome/general-overview
  8. Bernard, Y., Miller, J., Wappelhorst, S., Braun, C. (2020). Impacts of the Paris low-emission zone and implications for other cities. FIA Foundation. Available at: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Paris-LEV-implications-03.12.2020.pdf
  9. ACEA Tax Guide (2019). ACEA. Available at: https://www.acea.be/uploads/news_documents/ACEA_Tax_Guide_2019.pdf
  10. Low Emission Zones. Urban Access Regulations in Europe. Available at: https://www.urbanaccessregulations.eu/low-emission-zones-main
  11. Crit`air (2018). Different types of environmental badges in France generates confusion – commercial transport and tourism are threatened by fees. Homepage on Crit`Air.
  12. How to design and implement a clean air or low emission zone (2019). Available at: https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/How-to-design-and-implement-a-clean-air-or-low-emission-zone?language=en_US
  13. London’s air quality schemes and Congestion Charge. Available at: http://lruc.content.tfl.gov.uk/ulez-lez-comparison-table.pdf
  14. Changes to Low Emission Zone and Expansion of the Ultra Low Emission Zone. Supporting information document (2017). Mayor of London. Available at: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/appendix_c1_supporting_information_document_-_copy.pdf
  15. Expected effects from the low emissions zone on car fleet and air quality in the Brussels region (2019). Available at: https://lez.brussels/medias/lez-note-en-vdef.pdf?context=bWFzdGVyfGRvY3VtZW50c3w4NzEwNjI3fGFwcGxpY2F0aW9uL3BkZnxkb2N1bWVudHMvaGFiL2gzYy84ODAxNjI2Njg1NDcwLnBkZnxlNGNhYmZmYThmYjQ0MTczODE3MmU3MzYyYzc2ODdiOGZjYWFkOGYyNzNjZWM4OTA4MmJiYmU2NTgwMGVhOGFl
  16. Low-Emission Zones are a success - but they must now move to zero-emission mobility (2019). Transport & Environment. Available at: https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2019_09_Briefing_LEZ-ZEZ_final.pdf
  17. Malina, C., Scheffler, F. (2015). The impact of Low Emission Zones on particulate matter concentration and public health. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 372–385. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.029
  18. Gehrsitz, M. (2017). The effect of low emission zones on air pollution and infant health. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 83, 121–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.02.003
  19. Panteliadis, P., Strak, M., Hoek, G., Weijers, E., van der Zee, S., Dijkema, M. (2014). Implementation of a low emission zone and evaluation of effects on air quality by long-term monitoring. Atmospheric Environment, 86, 113–119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.035
  20. Morfeld, P., Groneberg, D. A., Spallek, M. F. (2014). Effectiveness of Low Emission Zones: Large Scale Analysis of Changes in Environmental NO2, NO and NOx Concentrations in 17 German Cities. PLoS ONE, 9 (8), e102999. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102999
  21. Holman, C., Harrison, R., Querol, X. (2015). Review of the efficacy of low emission zones to improve urban air quality in European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 111, 161–169. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.009
  22. Janssen, N. A. H., Gerlofs-Nijland, M. E., Lanki, T., Salonen, R. O., Cassee, F., Hoek, G. et. al. (2012). Health Effects of Black Carbon. WHO. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/162535/e96541.pdf?ua=1
  23. Low Emission Zones: Detailed description of the initial objectives of the measure. Available at: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjPjvOu-7PrAhUEt4sKHdZFDrwQFjARegQIChAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuk-air.defra.gov.uk%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2Fcat09%2F0505171128_London_Low_Emission_Zone_Detailed_Assessment.doc&usg=AOvVaw157pB1QS24p4sp6L3W8NQ_
  24. Hooftman, N., Oliveira, L., Messagie, M., Coosemans, T., Van Mierlo, J. (2016). Environmental Analysis of Petrol, Diesel and Electric Passenger Cars in a Belgian Urban Setting. Energies, 9 (2), 84. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en9020084
  25. Klymenko, O., Ustymenko, V., Kolobov, K., Rychok, S., Hora, M., Naumenko, N. (2019). Analysis of Emissions in the European Driving Cycle of Used Light-Duty Vehicles Imported to Europe from North America. SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy, 1 (1). doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/13-01-01-0001
  26. Low Emission Zones. ACEA Position Paper (2015). ACEA. Available at: https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_LEZ_Position_May_2015.pdf
  27. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area - Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system (2011). European Commission. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0144&from=EN
  28. Gargani, F., Stefano, A. D., Gaspari, E. (2017). National legal frameworks for Urban Vehicle Access Regulations (UVARs) schemes. Technical Report. European Commission. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/uvar_nbgd_4_tr_july_20.pdf
  29. Feasibility Study: European City Pass for Low Emission Zones. Annex A: Standards and Guidance Document (2014). ECORYS. Available at: https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/images/Reports/EU_draft_guidance_LEZ_Final_Report_Standards_and_Guidance_submitted.pdf
  30. Gibson, G., Tsamis, A., Cesbron, S., Biedka, M., Escher, G. (2016). Evaluation of Directive 1999/94/EC ("the car labelling Directive"). Final report. doi: http://doi.org/10.2834/541874
  31. A Review and Evaluation of Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Labeling and Consumer Information Programs (2015). International Council on Clean Transportation. APEC Project: EWG 05/2014A. Available at: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/VFEL%20paper%20ICCT_%20for%20APEC%20-%2012%20Nov%202015%20FINAL.pdf
  32. Mock, P. (2013). Fuel economy labels: Focus on non-EU countries. IEA Paris. Available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/imports/events/184/02.ICCT.130430ICCTCO2labelingoutsideEU.pdf
  33. Environmental labels 2020. Explanation of fields used. VCA. Available at: https://www.vehicle-certification-agency.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Environmental-labels-2020-guidance-for-industry-ver-1.1-WEB.pdf
  34. Haq, G., Weiss, M. (2016). CO2 labelling of passenger cars in Europe: Status, challenges, and future prospects. Energy Policy, 95, 324–335. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.043
  35. Codagnone, C., Veltri, G. A., Bogliacino, F., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Gaskell, G., Ivchenko, A. et. al. (2016). Labels as nudges? An experimental study of car eco-labels. Economia Politica, 33 (3), 403–432. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-016-0042-2
  36. Firkl, S. Raimond, W. Fuel economy labelling of cars and its impacts on buying behaviour, fuel efficiency and CO2 reduction. Available at: https://p2infohouse.org/ref/17/16366.pdf
  37. Empower EU consumers through visible and clear labelling information on CO2 emissions from new passenger cars (2014). ANEC. Available at: https://www.beuc.eu/publications/beuc-x-2014-053_cca_cars_co2_labelling-2014_anec-beuc_position_paper_long_version.pdf
  38. Folkvord, F., Veltri, G. A., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Tornese, P., Codagnone, C., Gaskell, G. (2019). The effects of ecolabels on environmentally- and health-friendly cars: an online survey and two experimental studies. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25 (5), 883–899. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01644-4
  39. Brazil, W., Caulfield, B. (2017). Current Status and Potential Role of Eco-labels in Informing Environmentally Friendly Purchases and Behaviours. Report No. 235. EPA. Available at: http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/research/econ/Research_235_report.pdf
  40. Chowdhury, M., Salam, K., Tay, R. (2016). Consumer preferences and policy implications for the green car market. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 34 (6), 810–827. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/mip-08-2015-0167
  41. Yusof, J. M., Singh, G. K. B., Razak, R. A. (2013). Purchase Intention of Environment-Friendly Automobile. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 400–410. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.369
  42. Russo, A., Morrone, D., Calace, D. (2015). The Green Side of the Automotive Industry: A Consumer-Based Analysis. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 9 (2), 59–71. Available at: http://t.www.na-businesspress.com/JMDC/RussoA_Web9_2_.pdf
  43. Siriwardena, S., Hunt, G., Teisl, M. F., Noblet, C. L. (2012). Effective environmental marketing of green cars: A nested-logit approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17 (3), 237–242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.11.004
  44. Morrone, D., Russo, A., Calace, D. (2015). The effectiveness of green marketing strategies in the automotive industry: a consumer-based analysis. Centrum Strategii i Rozwoju Impact. Available at: http://www.csrtrends.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/02.CSR_D.Morrone_A.Russo_D.Calace.pdf
  45. Belli, H. C., Pizzinatto, N. K., Pizzinatto, A. K., Giuliani, A. C. (2018). Green marketing in the automotive sector: a comparative study in national and international research. Presentation to the Gerpisa colloquium. Available at: http://gerpisa.org/en/node/4463
  46. Jaderná, E., Boleslav, M., Přikrylová, J. (2018). Green solutions in automotive industry. MARKETING SCIENCE & INSPIRATIONS. CONTRIBUTIONS, MSI37. Available at: https://www.mins.sk/green-solutions-in-automotive-industry/
  47. Mahamuni, A., Tambe, M. (2014). Green marketing in automobile industry: understanding practices and implications in Indian context through literature review. GE-International Journal of Management Research, 2 (7). Available at: https://www.academia.edu/40209525/GREEN_MARKETING_IN_AUTOMOBILE_INDUSTRY_UNDERSTANDING_PRACTICES_AND_IMPLICATIONS_IN_INDIAN_CONTEXT_THROUGH_LITERATURE_REVIEW
  48. Salemi, M. R., Namamian, F. (2016). Applying green market in the automotive industry. International Business Management, 10 (20), 4767–4770. Available at: http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/ibm/2016/4767-4770.pdf
  49. Križanová, A., Majerová, J. Zvaríková, K. (2013). Green Marketing as a Tool of Achieving Competitive Advantage in Automotive. Transport. Proceedings of 17th International Conference. Transport Means, 45–48. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260390860_Green_marketing_as_a_tool_of_achieving_competitive_advantage_in_automotive_transport
  50. Everything about the German emissions sticker. Available at: https://www.germanemissionssticker.com
  51. Environmental zones, entry bans and speed limits in Austria. Available at: https://www.umwelt-pickerl.at/en/environmental-zones-in-austria.html
  52. Emissions stickers for driving in France. ETA. Available at: https://www.eta.co.uk/2017/09/13/emissions-stickers-for-driving-in-french-cities/
  53. New Car Environmental Label. United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association. Available at: https://www.ukpia.com/policy-focus/climate-change-and-environment/new-car-environmental-label/
  54. Emissions stickers: the rules for each country (2019). Eurocampings. Available at: https://www.eurocampings.co.uk/blog/listing/emissions-stickers-rules-for-each-country-2019/
  55. Motorway toll in European countries. Tolls.eu. Available at: https://www.tolls.eu/european-countries
  56. Toll Sticker and Digital Vignette. ASFINAG. Available at: https://www.asfinag.at/toll/vignette/
  57. ACEA Position Paper Road Charging and the Eurovignette Directive (2019). ACEA. Available at: https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_Position_Paper-Road_Charging_Eurovignette_November_2019.pdf
  58. Poulikakos, L., Heutschi, K., Soltic, P., Cerny, I., Lees, A., Loo, H., Mayer, R. (2018). Defining road and rail vehicles with a low environmental footprint. E! 7219. Ecovehicle final report. Available at: https://www.empa.ch/documents/55947/78785/Abschlussbericht+ecovehicle/2df10dce-7c7c-48bc-a794-ad3e689cad3e
  59. Hagman, R., Selvig, E. (2007). Environmentally Friendly Vehicles: Experiences and Definitions. Nordic Council of Ministers. Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:701856/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  60. Litman, T. (2019). Well Measured: Developing Indicators for Sustainable and Livable Transport Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Available at: https://www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf
  61. Vaidyanathan, S., Slowik, P., Junga, E. (2016). Rating the Environmental Impacts of Motor Vehicles: ACEEE’s greenercars.org Methodology. Report T1601. Available at: https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/t1601.pdf
  62. Brennan, J. W., Barder, T. E. (2017). Battery Electric Vehicles vs. Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: A United States-Based Comprehensive Assessment. Available at: https://www.adlittle.com/en/insights/viewpoints/battery-electric-vehicles-vs-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles
  63. McKone, T. E., Hertwich, E. G. (2001). The human toxicity potential and a Strategy for Evaluating Model Performance in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 6 (2), 106–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02977846
  64. Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) EPA. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/rsei/rsei-toxicity-weights
  65. Kanchan, Gorai, A. K., Goyal, P. (2015). A Review on Air Quality Indexing System. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 9 (2), 101–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2015.9.2.101
  66. Letcher, T., Vallero, D. (Eds.) (2011). Waste: A Handbook for Management. Elsevier. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-60930-2
  67. Marques, S., Batista, T., Silva, C. (2014). Eco-rating Methodologies for Private Cars: Driving Cycle Influence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 682–691. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.102
  68. Vremennaya tipovaya metodika. opredeleniya ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti osushchestvleniya prirodoohrannyh meropriyatiy i otsenki ekonomicheskogo ushcherba, prichinyaemogo narodnomu hozyaystvu zagryazneniem okruzhayushchey sredy (1986). Moscow: Ekonomika. Available at: http://www.gostrf.com/normadata/1/4293854/4293854046.htm
  69. Hutarevych, Yu. F., Zerkalov, D. V., Hovorun, A. H., Korpach, A. O., Merzhyievska, L. P. (2006). Ekolohiya ta avtomobilnyi transport. Kyiv: Aristei, 292. Available at: https://library.kre.dp.ua/Books/2-4%20kurs/Основи%20екології/Гутаревич_Ю._Ф._Екологія_автомобільного_транспорту_2002%20.pdf
  70. Klymenko, O. (2020). Results of research of the reduced emissions of pollutants by road vehicles of various environmental classes “Euro” as the basis of environmental hazard labeling. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1 (10 (103)), 43–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.196985
  71. Klimenko, O., Sotsky, V., Shchelkunov, A., Kyrychenko, R., Ageev, V., Ustymenko, V., Gutarevych, Y. (2020). About the implementation of the national system of labeling of road vehicles regarding level of environmental hazard. Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, 1 (261), 2–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-2-13
  72. Klymenko, O. (2020). The concept for an implementation of state policy in the field of labeling and regulation of essential environmental properties of wheeled vehicles. Technology Audit and Production Reserves, 5 (2 (55)), 33–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.214187
  73. Worldwide Emission Standards and Related Regulations: Passenger Cars / Light and Medium Duty Vehicles (2019). CPT Group GmbH. Available at: https://www.continental-automotive.com/getattachment/8f2dedad-b510-4672-a005-3156f77d1f85/EMISSIONBOOKLET 2019.pdf
  74. Nesbit, M., Fergusson, M., Colsa, A., Ohlendorf, J., Haves, C., Paquel, K., Schweitzer, J.-P. (2016). Comparative Study on the Differences between the EU and US Legislation on Emissions in the Automotive Sector. European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/587331/IPOL_STU(2016)587331_EN.pdf

Downloads

Published

2020-12-31

How to Cite

Klymenko, O., Gorytski, V., Gutarevych, Y., Shchelkunov, A., & Kyrychenko, R. (2020). Requirements for a unified system of road vehicles environmental labelling and low emission zones. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 6(10 (108), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.217543

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 10 (108) (2020): Ecology

Section

Ecology

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Oleksiy Klymenko, Viktor Gorytski, Yurii Gutarevych, Anton Shchelkunov, Ruslan Kyrychenko

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The consolidation and conditions for the transfer of copyright (identification of authorship) is carried out in the License Agreement. In particular, the authors reserve the right to the authorship of their manuscript and transfer the first publication of this work to the journal under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. At the same time, they have the right to conclude on their own additional agreements concerning the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal, but provided that the link to the first publication of the article in this journal is preserved.

A license agreement is a document in which the author warrants that he/she owns all copyright for the work (manuscript, article, etc.).
The authors, signing the License Agreement with TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC, have all rights to the further use of their work, provided that they link to our edition in which the work was published.
According to the terms of the License Agreement, the Publisher TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC does not take away your copyrights and receives permission from the authors to use and dissemination of the publication through the world's scientific resources (own electronic resources, scientometric databases, repositories, libraries, etc.).
In the absence of a signed License Agreement or in the absence of this agreement of identifiers allowing to identify the identity of the author, the editors have no right to work with the manuscript.
It is important to remember that there is another type of agreement between authors and publishers – when copyright is transferred from the authors to the publisher. In this case, the authors lose ownership of their work and may not use it in any way.