Improvement of continuous technology of electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxide by implementation of solution recycling

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224223

Abstract

Nickel hydroxide is widely used in supercapacitors, alkaline batteries, for the electrocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants, etc. Due to their electrochemical activity, Ni(OH)2 (α+β) samples with a layer structure synthesized in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer are the most promising. To improve the continuous technology of electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxide, the possibility of recycling the spent catholyte containing sodium sulfate was determined. For this, samples of nickel hydroxide were synthesized from a solution of nickel sulfate in the presence of sodium sulfate with concentrations of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 g/L. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by X-ray phase analysis; the electrochemical properties were studied by the method of cyclic voltammetry. It was shown that the base sample obtained without the presence of sodium sulfate was a monophase layered (α+β) structure with a high content of α-modification. The crystallinity of the sample was not high. It was revealed that the presence of sodium sulfate led to a decrease in the crystallinity of nickel hydroxide due to an increase in the electrical conductivity of the solution and a decrease in the voltage in the electrolyzer. Cyclic voltramperometry showed that synthesis in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer in the presence of Na2SO4 (40–80 g/L) did not lead to a significant change in the electrochemical activity of nickel hydroxide samples. An increase in the concentration of sodium sulfate in the catholyte to 100–120 g/L led to an increase in electrochemical activity – the specific current of the discharge peak was 3.7–3.9 A/g (compared to 2.1 A/g for the reference sample).

A comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of nickel hydroxide samples synthesized in the presence of sodium sulfate revealed the possibility and prospects of recycling the spent catholyte in a continuous technology for producing Ni(OH)2 in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer. It was revealed that when introducing recycling, it was recommended to maintain a high concentration of sodium sulfate (80–100 g/L)

Author Biographies

Vadym Kovalenko, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology; Vyatka State University

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Food Additives and Cosmetics

Senior Researcher

Competence center "Ecological technologies and systems"

Valerii Kotok, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology; Vyatka State University

PhD, Associate Professor

Department of Processes, Apparatus and General Chemical Technology

Senior Researcher

Competence center "Ecological technologies and systems"

References

  1. Hall, D. S., Lockwood, D. J., Bock, C., MacDougall, B. R. (2015). Nickel hydroxides and related materials: a review of their structures, synthesis and properties. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 471 (2174), 20140792. doi: http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0792
  2. Vidotti, M., Torresi, R., Torresi, S. I. C. de. (2010). Nickel hydroxide modified electrodes: a review study concerning its structural and electrochemical properties aiming the application in electrocatalysis, electrochromism and secondary batteries. Química Nova, 33 (10), 2176–2186. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422010001000030
  3. Chen, J., Bradhurst, D. H., Dou, S. X., Liu, H. K. (1999). Nickel Hydroxide as an Active Material for the Positive Electrode in Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 146 (10), 3606–3612. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/1.1392522
  4. Sun, Y.-K., Lee, D.-J., Lee, Y. J., Chen, Z., Myung, S.-T. (2013). Cobalt-Free Nickel Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5 (21), 11434–11440. doi: http://doi.org/10.1021/am403684z
  5. Lang, J.-W., Kong, L.-B., Liu, M., Luo, Y.-C., Kang, L. (2009). Asymmetric supercapacitors based on stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 and activated carbon. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14 (8), 1533–1539. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-009-0984-1
  6. Lang, J.-W., Kong, L.-B., Wu, W.-J., Liu, M., Luo, Y.-C., Kang, L. (2008). A facile approach to the preparation of loose-packed Ni(OH)2 nanoflake materials for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 13 (2), 333–340. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-008-0560-0 0
  7. Aghazadeh, M., Ghaemi, M., Sabour, B., Dalvand, S. (2014). Electrochemical preparation of α-Ni(OH)2 ultrafine nanoparticles for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 18 (6), 1569–1584. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-014-2381-7
  8. Zheng, C., Liu, X., Chen, Z., Wu, Z., Fang, D. (2014). Excellent supercapacitive performance of a reduced graphene oxide/Ni(OH)2 composite synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. Journal of Central South University, 21 (7), 2596–2603. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2218-7
  9. Wang, B., Williams, G. R., Chang, Z., Jiang, M., Liu, J., Lei, X., Sun, X. (2014). Hierarchical NiAl Layered Double Hydroxide/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Nickel Foam Electrodes with Excellent Pseudocapacitive Properties. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6 (18), 16304–16311. doi: http://doi.org/10.1021/am504530e
  10. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V. (2017). The properties investigation of the faradaic supercapacitor electrode formed on foamed nickel substrate with polyvinyl alcohol using. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4 (12 (88)), 31–37. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.108839
  11. Kotok, V. A., Kovalenko, V. L., Solovov, V. A., Kovalenko, P. V., Ananchenko, B. A. (2018). Effect of deposition time on properties of electrochromic nickel hydroxide films prepared by cathodic template synthesis. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13 (9), 3076–3086.
  12. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V. (2018). A study of the effect of tungstate ions on the electrochromic properties of Ni(OH)2 films. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5 (12 (95)), 18–24. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.145223
  13. Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Peng, W., Liu, L., Li, M. (2011). Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol at Ni–Al layered double hydroxide film modified electrode in alkaline medium. Electrochimica Acta, 56 (16), 5754–5758. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.049
  14. Huang, W., Li, Z. L., Peng, Y. D., Chen, S., Zheng, J. F., Niu, Z. J. (2005). Oscillatory electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on an Ni(OH)2 film electrode. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 9 (5), 284–289. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-004-0599-5
  15. Fan, Y., Yang, Z., Cao, X., Liu, P., Chen, S., Cao, Z. (2014). Hierarchical Macro-Mesoporous Ni(OH)2 for Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 161 (10), B201–B206. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/2.0251410jes
  16. Miao, Y., Ouyang, L., Zhou, S., Xu, L., Yang, Z., Xiao, M., Ouyang, R. (2014). Electrocatalysis and electroanalysis of nickel, its oxides, hydroxides and oxyhydroxides toward small molecules. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 53, 428–439. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.008
  17. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V., Bolotin, A. (2016) Definition of factors influencing on Ni(OH)2 electrochemical characteristics for supercapacitors. Eastern European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5 (6 (83)), 17–22. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.79406
  18. Ramesh, T. N., Kamath, P. V., Shivakumara, C. (2005). Correlation of Structural Disorder with the Reversible Discharge Capacity of Nickel Hydroxide Electrode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 152 (4), A806. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/1.1865852
  19. Zhao, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhuang, Q.-K. (2005). The relationship of spherical nano-Ni(OH)2 microstructure with its voltammetric behavior. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 10 (11), 914–919. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-005-0035-5
  20. Jayashree, R. S., Kamath, P. V., Subbanna, G. N. (2000). The Effect of Crystallinity on the Reversible Discharge Capacity of Nickel Hydroxide. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 147 (6), 2029. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393480
  21. Jayashree, R. S., Kamath, P. V. (1999). Factors governing the electrochemical synthesis of α-nickel (II) hydroxide. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 29 (4), 449–454. doi: http://doi.org/10.1023/a:1003493711239
  22. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V. (2019) Definition of the influence of obtaining method on physical and chemical characteristics of Ni(OH)2 powders. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1 (12 (97)), 21–27. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.145223
  23. Ramesh, T. N., Kamath, P. V. (2006). Synthesis of nickel hydroxide: Effect of precipitation conditions on phase selectivity and structural disorder. Journal of Power Sources, 156 (2), 655–661. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.050
  24. Rajamathi, M., Vishnu Kamath, P., Seshadri, R. (2000). Polymorphism in nickel hydroxide: role of interstratification. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 10 (2), 503–506. doi: http://doi.org/10.1039/a905651c
  25. Rajamathi, M., Subbanna, G. N., Kamath P. V. (1997). On the existence of a nickel hydroxide phase which is neither α nor β. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 7 (11), 2293–2296. doi: http://doi.org/10.1039/a700390k
  26. Hu, M., Yang, Z., Lei, L., Sun, Y. (2011). Structural transformation and its effects on the electrochemical performances of a layered double hydroxide. Journal of Power Sources, 196 (3), 1569–1577. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.08.041
  27. Cordoba de Torresi, S. I., Provazi, K., Malta, M., Torresib, R. M. (2001). Effect of Additives in the Stabilization of the α Phase of Ni(OH)2 Electrodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 148 (10), A1179–A1184. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/1.1403731
  28. Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., Bao, J., Zhou, Z., Lin, X., Zheng, H. (2012). Structural and electrochemical performance of additives-doped α-Ni(OH)2. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 27 (3), 538–541. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0500-9
  29. Sugimoto, A., Ishida, S., Hanawa, K. (1999). Preparation and Characterization of Ni/Al‐Layered Double Hydroxide. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 146 (4), 1251–1255. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/1.1391754
  30. Zhen, F. Z., Quan, J. W., Min, Y. L., Peng, Z., Jun, J. L. (2004). A study on the structure and electrochemical characteristics of a Ni/Al double hydroxide. Metals and Materials International, 10 (5), 485–488. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/bf03027353
  31. Liu, B., Wang, X. Y., Yuan, H. T., Zhang, Y. S., Song, D. Y., Zhou, Z. X. (1999). Physical and electrochemical characteristics of aluminium-substituted nickel hydroxide. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 29 (7), 853–858. doi: http://doi.org/10.1023/a:1003537900947
  32. Caravaggio, G. A., Detellier, C., Wronski, Z. (2001). Synthesis, stability and electrochemical properties of NiAl and NiV layered double hydroxides. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 11 (3), 912–921. doi: http://doi.org/10.1039/b004542j
  33. Li, Y. W., Yao, J. H., Liu, C. J., Zhao, W. M., Deng, W. X., Zhong, S. K. (2010). Effect of interlayer anions on the electrochemical performance of Al-substituted α-type nickel hydroxide electrodes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (6), 2539–2545. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.015
  34. Zhao, Y. (2004). Al-substituted α-nickel hydroxide prepared by homogeneous precipitation method with urea. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29 (8), 889–896. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.10.006
  35. Lei, L., Hu, M., Gao, X., Sun, Y. (2008). The effect of the interlayer anions on the electrochemical performance of layered double hydroxide electrode materials. Electrochimica Acta, 54 (2), 671–676. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.004
  36. Faour, A., Mousty, C., Prevot, V., Devouard, B., De Roy, A., Bordet, P. et. al. (2012). Correlation among Structure, Microstructure, and Electrochemical Properties of NiAl–CO3 Layered Double Hydroxide Thin Films. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116 (29), 15646–15659. doi: http://doi.org/10.1021/jp300780w
  37. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V., Vlasov, S. (2018). Investigation of Ni­Al hydroxide with silver addition as an active substance of alkaline batteries. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3 (6 (93)), 6–11. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.133465
  38. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2017). Study of the influence of the template concentration under homogeneous precepitation on the properties of Ni(OH)2 for supercapacitors. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4 (6 (88)), 17–22. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.106813
  39. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2017). Obtaining of Ni–Al layered double hydroxide by slit diaphragm electrolyzer. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2 (6 (86)), 11–17. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.95699
  40. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2017). Definition of effectiveness of β-Ni(OH)2 application in the alkaline secondary cells and hybrid supercapacitors. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5 (6 (89)), 17–22. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.110390
  41. Li, J., Luo, F., Tian, X., Lei, Y., Yuan, H., Xiao, D. (2013). A facile approach to synthesis coral-like nanoporous β-Ni(OH) 2 and its supercapacitor application. Journal of Power Sources, 243, 721–727. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.172
  42. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2018). Influence of ultrasound and template on the properties of nickel hydroxide as an active substance of supercapacitors. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3 (12 (93)), 32–39. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.133548
  43. Kovalenko, V. L., Kotok, V. A., Sykchin, A. A., Mudryi, I. A., Ananchenko, B. A., Burkov, A. A. et. al. (2017). Nickel hydroxide obtained by high-temperature two-step synthesis as an effective material for supercapacitor applications. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 21 (3), 683–691. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-016-3405-2
  44. Kovalenko, V. L., Kotok, V. A., Sykchin, A., Ananchenko, B. A., Chernyad’ev, A. V., Burkov, A. A. et. al. (2020). Al3+ Additive in the Nickel Hydroxide Obtained by High-Temperature Two-Step Synthesis: Activator or Poisoner for Chemical Power Source Application? Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167 (10), 100530. doi: http://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab9a2a
  45. Miao, C., Zhu, Y., Zhao, T., Jian, X., Li, W. (2015). Synthesis and electrochemical performance of mixed phase α/β nickel hydroxide by codoping with Ca2+ and PO4 3−. Ionics, 21 (12), 3201–3208. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-015-1507-y
  46. Li, Y., Yao, J., Zhu, Y., Zou, Z Wang, H. (2012). Synthesis and electrochemical performance of mixed phase α/β nickel hydroxide. Journal of Power Sources, 203, 177–183. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.11.081
  47. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2018). Comparative investigation of electrochemically synthesized (α+β) layered nickel hydroxide with mixture of α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2 (6 (92)), 16–22. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.125886
  48. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V., Malyshev, V. (2017). Comparison of oxygen evolution parameters on different types of nickel hydroxide. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5 (12 (89)), 12–19. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.109770
  49. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V. (2018). Definition of the aging process parameters for nickel hydroxide in the alkaline medium. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2 (12 (92)), 54–60. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.127764
  50. Ezhov, B. B., Rozovskiy, V. M. (1991). Anions as activatore for nickel hydroxides electrode. 42th Meet. of the Int. Soc. Electrochem. Montreux, Abstract No. 7-026.
  51. Ezhov, B. B., Rozovskiy, V. M. (1991). Anionic activation of the nickel hydroxide electrode used in alkaline storage batteries. 33rd IUPAC Congress. Budapest, Abstract No. 3030.
  52. Burmistr, M. V., Boiko, V. S., Lipko, E. O., Gerasimenko, K. O., Gomza, Y. P., Vesnin, R. L. et. al. (2014). Antifriction and Construction Materials Based on Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Reinforced with Mineral and Synthetic Fibrous Fillers. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 50 (2), 213–222. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-014-9408-0
  53. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2019). Anionic carbonate activation of layered (α+β) nickel hydroxide. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3 (6 (99)), 44–52. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.169461
  54. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2019) Influence of the carbonate ion on characteristics of electrochemically synthesized layered (α+β) nickel hydroxide. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1 (6 (97)), 40–46. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.155738
  55. Vasserman, I. N. (1980). Khimicheskoe osazdenie is rastvorov. Leningrad: Khimia, 208.
  56. Qing, L., Haifang, N., Yun, C., Xiaoyan, C., Yongjun, L., Gang, C. (2013). Preparation and supercapacitor application of the single crystal nickel hydroxide and oxide nanosheets. Materials Research Bulletin, 48 (9), 3518–3526. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.05.049
  57. Fang, B., Gu, A., Wang, G., Li, B., Zhang, C., Fang, Y., Zhang, X. (2009). Synthesis hexagonal ß-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets for use in electrochemistry sensors. Microchimica Acta, 167 (1-2), 47–52. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0213-8
  58. Gourrier, L., Deabate, S., Michel, T., Paillet, M., Hermet, P., Bantignies, J.-L., Henn, F. (2011). Characterization of Unusually Large “Pseudo-Single Crystal” of β-Nickel Hydroxide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115 (30), 15067–15074. doi: http://doi.org/10.1021/jp203222t
  59. Liu, C., Li, Y. (2009). Synthesis and characterization of amorphous α-nickel hydroxide. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 478 (1-2), 415–418. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.11.049
  60. Kotok, V., Kovalenko, V. (2020) The study of the increased temperature influence on the electrochrome and electrochemical characteristics of Ni(OH)2-PVA composite films. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3 (6 (105)), 6–12. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.205352
  61. Li, Y., Yang, Q., Yao, J., Zhang, Z., Liu, C. (2010). Effect of synthesis temperature on the phase structure and electrochemical performance of nickel hydroxide. Ionics, 16 (3), 221–225. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-009-0397-2
  62. Ramesh, T. N., Kamath, P. V. (2008) Temperature-induced control over phase selection among hydroxides of nickel. Bulletin of Materials Science, 31 (2), 169–172. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-008-0029-x
  63. Zhang, W. H., Guo, X. D., He, J., Qian, Z. Y. (2008). Preparation of Ni(II)/Ti(IV) layered double hydroxide at high supersaturation. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 28 (8), 1623–1629. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.11.016
  64. He, J., Wei, M., Li, B., Kang, Y., Evans, D. G., Duan, X. (2006). Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides. Struct Bond, 119, 89–119. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/430_006
  65. Lei, L., Hu, M., Gao, X., Sun, Y. (2008). The effect of the interlayer anions on the electrochemical performance of layered double hydroxide electrode materials. Electrochimica Acta, 54 (2), 671–676. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.004
  66. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V. (2020).The change in the nickel hydroxide properties under the influence of thermal field in situ and ex situ during electrochemical synthesis. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4 (12 (106)), 31–38. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.194610
  67. Kovalenko, V., Kotok, V., Kovalenko, I. (2018). Activation of the nickel foam as a current collector for application in supercapacitors. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3 (12 (93)), 56–62. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.133472

Downloads

Published

2021-02-10

How to Cite

Kovalenko, V., & Kotok, V. (2021). Improvement of continuous technology of electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxide by implementation of solution recycling. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1(6 (109), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224223

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 6 (109) (2021): Technology organic and inorganic substances

Section

Technology organic and inorganic substances

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Vadym Kovalenko, Valerii Kotok

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The consolidation and conditions for the transfer of copyright (identification of authorship) is carried out in the License Agreement. In particular, the authors reserve the right to the authorship of their manuscript and transfer the first publication of this work to the journal under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. At the same time, they have the right to conclude on their own additional agreements concerning the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal, but provided that the link to the first publication of the article in this journal is preserved.

A license agreement is a document in which the author warrants that he/she owns all copyright for the work (manuscript, article, etc.).
The authors, signing the License Agreement with TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC, have all rights to the further use of their work, provided that they link to our edition in which the work was published.
According to the terms of the License Agreement, the Publisher TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC does not take away your copyrights and receives permission from the authors to use and dissemination of the publication through the world's scientific resources (own electronic resources, scientometric databases, repositories, libraries, etc.).
In the absence of a signed License Agreement or in the absence of this agreement of identifiers allowing to identify the identity of the author, the editors have no right to work with the manuscript.
It is important to remember that there is another type of agreement between authors and publishers – when copyright is transferred from the authors to the publisher. In this case, the authors lose ownership of their work and may not use it in any way.