Development of IPSO-TVAC for adaptive control of grid-forming inverters in low SCR grids with hardware constraints

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2026.354290

Keywords:

grid-forming inverter, REGFM-B1, IPSO-TVAC, Low-SCR weak grids, BESS, hardware constraints

Abstract

The object of the study is the REGFM-B1-based battery energy storage system (BESS) grid-forming inverter control system operating in weak grids with a short-circuit ratio (SCR) below 2.0. The work focuses on optimizing the virtual synchronous machine (VSM) controller parameters using an improved particle swarm optimization with time-varying acceleration coefficients (IPSO-TVACs). The primary challenge addressed is the failure of conventional tuning methods to converge under three concurrent hardware constraints, including current saturation at 1.2 pu, measurement latency of 10 ms, and ADC quantization noise of 0.01 pu, which form a non-convex search landscape. The proposed IPSO-TVAC is benchmarked against standard PSO (Std-PSO) and gradient-based algorithms, which often converge to physically infeasible solutions under the specified hardware restrictions. The findings reveal that IPSO-TVAC greatly outperforms the standard approaches, with integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) decreased by 16.1%, convergence standard deviation below 1 × 10⁻4, and active power ripple lowered from 0.03 pu to below 0.005 pu. These gains suggest that IPSO-TVAC is highly effective in robust transient performance across all investigated constraint combinations. The method’s major benefit lies in its fractional-order inertia decay and derivative-penalized cost function, which enable simultaneous management of current-saturation non-convexity and ADC noise sensitivity within a single optimization cycle. The findings imply that IPSO-TVAC is especially advantageous for utility-scale battery storage in distant microgrids, island-grid and offshore wind farms, where consistent frequency stability under inverter overcurrent restrictions and ADC noise during grid transitions is critical

Author Biographies

Pham Hong Thanh, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City

PhD Student

Le Van Dai, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City

Doctor of Technical Sciences

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Development of IPSO-TVAC for adaptive control of grid-forming inverters in low SCR grids with hardware constraints

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Published

2026-04-30

How to Cite

Thanh, P. H., & Dai, L. V. (2026). Development of IPSO-TVAC for adaptive control of grid-forming inverters in low SCR grids with hardware constraints. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2(5 (140), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2026.354290

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 5 (140) (2026): Applied physics

Section

Applied physics

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Copyright (c) 2026 Pham Hong Thanh, Le Van Dai

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